During this time, Europe was a mixture of nation-states, empires, principalities, and mini-states. Europe had almost no nation-states, excluding Portugal, Spain, France, and England. At this point, what would become Germany, did not exist, and central Europe was split into small- and mid-sized nation-states, like Bavaria and Prussia, which contained people of mostly Germanic ethnicity. Similarly, the Austrian Empire (controlled by the Habsburgs) contained Germanic, Hungarian, and Slavic peoples.