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Digest & Urinary System Jessica Dorantes, Period 1, ., ., ., . -…

- - - - reg. water + blood volume
      - excrete metabolic water
      - ensure acid-base balance
    - - Renal Cortex: top part
      - Renal Medulla:
        medulla pyramids
        
        Renal Columns: separate pyramids
        with cordical tissue extensions.
        
        Lobes = pyramid + surrounding tissue.
      - Renal pelvis: tube, connects w/ ureter
        
        Minor Calyx: cup, collects urine
        draining from pyramidal papillae.
        
        Major Calyx: urine from minor, dumps into renal pelvis.
    - - Nephrons: functional units that form urine
        
        Renal Corpuscle
        
        Glomerulus: thread of caps; filtrate
        
        Glomerular Capsule/Bowman's
        
        Parietal layer
        
        Visceral layer
        
        Renal Tubule
        
        Proximal Convectional Tubule: cuboidal cells w/ microvilli - reabsoprtion + secretion, confined to cortex, big mitochondria.
        
        Distal Convectional Tubule: drains into CD, more secretion, cuboidal cells w/ few microvilli, confined to cortex.
        
        Nephron Loop (of Henle)
        
        Ascending: thick limb, cuboldal or columnar
        
        Descending: attached to Proximal, simple squa.
        
        Collecting Ducts
        
        Parietal Cells: sparce, short microvilli, H2O + Na balance.
        
        Intercalated Cells: cuboidal, microvilli, types A + B, acid-base balance.
    - - Filtrate: prod. x glomerular
        filtration (in nephrons)
        
        1) Glomelar Filtration: forces liquids/solutes
        thru filtration menrabne -> glomerular capsule.
        
        2) Tubular Reabsorption: reclaims tubular
        contents (H2O, ions) + returns them to blood.
        
        Tracellular: route of reabsorption
        
        Paracellular: for active & passive.
        
        3) Tubular Secretions:
        reabsoprtion in reverse.
        
        selected subtances moves from pertibular
        caps thru tiubule cells into filtrate
        
        drugs/metabolites/unwanted mfs bound
        to plasma prots = passively reabsorbed.
        
        controls blood pH x alt-ing H/H2O amounts in urine.
  - - - pH: kinda acidic (pH of 6, 4.5-8.0)
        
        acidic diet - low pH
        
        alkaline diet - high pH
      - Odor: aromatic, alt by drugs/disease/vegetables
      - Color: pink/brown (alt by drugs/foods/etc), cloudy/clear (UTI), deep yellow (from vochrome & hemoglobin pigment)
  - - - Storage Capacity: expands + rises
        superiorly when filled, up to 500ml
      - Location: retroperitoneal cavity, on
        pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis
- - - - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, s intes, L intes, anus.
    - - Mucosa: secretes mucus, digestive enzymes + hormones; protects against infectious disease; absorbs digestion products.
      - Submucosa: aerolar CT; blood + lymphatic
        nerves (nerve plexus); elastic tissues to reshape organs.
      - Muscularis Externa: peristalsis + segmentation;
        inner muscle + outer layers, form sphincters!
      - Serosa: visceral peritoneum.
  - - - Teeth
        
        Mastication
        
        Dentition
        
        Primary
        
        Shape/Classification
        
        Molars
        
        Incisors
        
        Premolars
        
        Tooth structure
        
        Crown
        
        Root
        
        Neck
      - Tongue: grips, mixes, taste + speech, swallowing!
      - Palate: mouth roof; soft + hard palete.
    - - Gallbladder: thin sac; stores + concentrates bile.
      - Liver: largest
        gland (4 lobes)
        
        Bile: alkaline solution
        
        Bilirubin: gives feces brown color, pigment from heme.
        
        Bile Ducts: formed by = common hepatic
        (leaves liver) + cystic duct (betwn gallbladder) union.
        
        Bile Salts: fat emulsification + absorption.
      - Pancreas
        
        Excretory Functions
        
        Digestion Enzymes
        
        Amylase: for carbs
        
        Proteases: proteins; secreted in ia to so no self-digestion.
        
        Nucleates: for nucleic acids.
        
        Lipase: for lipids.
        
        Pancreatic Juice: watery alkaline
        solution; neutralizes acidic chyme.
        
        Endocrine Functions: insulin + glucagon secretion.
      - Serous Cells: watery secretions, enzymes, ions + mucin.
      - Saliva: cleans mouth, moistens food
        into bolus, has amylase (starch).
      - Mucous cells
  - - - Visceral Pretineum
      - Parietal Peritoneum
- - - - Body, Fundus, Cardia, Pyloric Part, Pyloric Region
    - - Greater Curvature: corvex lateral surface.
      - Lesser Curvature: concave medial surface
      - Mesentaries: from
        curvatures to other organs.
        
        Lesser Omentum: from lesser curvature to liver.
        
        Greater Omentun: falls from greater curvature over
        intestines, spleen & transverse colon; blends w/ mesocolon.
    - - Mucosa: forms rugae folds; simple columnar epi; secretes alkaline mucus, has gastric pits - secrete gastric juices.
      - Mucosa Barrier : bicarbonate-rich layer;
        protects stomach & damaged cells.
      - Muscularis Externa: circular/long/smooth musc layers + oblique layer; increase chem breakdown w/ mixing, churning chyme.
      - Types of Gland Cells
        ; prod in fundus
        
        Mucosa Neck Cells: thin + acidic
        
        Parietal Cells
        
        HCI: denatures prots, activates pepsin, plant
        cell wall breakdown. kills bacteria, pH of 1.5-3.5.
        
        Intrinsic Factor: req for vitamin B12 absorption
        
        Chief Cells: pepsinogen + lipases
        
        Enteroendocrine: chem. messengers, act as paracrines.
    - - 1) Food breakdown
      - 2) food storage
      - 3) chyme delivery to intestine
      - 4) HCI denatures prots
      - 5) Protein digestion x pepsin
      - 6) alcohol + aspirin absorption
      - 7) vitamin B12 absorption!!!!
    - - Propulsion: from fundus -> pylorus
      - Grinding: pyrloric end ~ pump to
        deliver chyme amount to s intestine.
      - Retropulsion: closes pyloric valve
  - - - Duodenum: curves around pancreas
      - Jejunum: attached to mesenraty
      - Ileim: joins L intestine
    - - Villi: finger-like projections of mucosa w/
        cap bed core + lymphatic caps (lacteal).
      - Microvilli: mucosal cell cytolpasmic extensions
        w/ brush border enzymes for CARB + PROT digestion.
    - - Motility
        
        Before meal
        
        Motillin: increases peristalsis
        
        P moves remnants to large intestine.
        
        After meal
        
        Segmentation: started x intrinsic pacemaker cells; mixes contents towards ileocecal valve; intensity alt x reflexes (parasympathetic & sympathetic) and hormones.
      - Ileocecal Valve Control
        
        Sphincters: emits chyme into L intestine
        
        Flaps: close when chyme exerts backward press
  - - - Sub Divisions
        
        Cecum: 1st part
        
        Appendix: lymphoid tissue mass
        
        Colon
        
        Ascending: up
        
        Transverse: across
        
        Descending: down
        
        SIgmoid: S-shaped
        
        Rectum
        
        Anal Canal
      - Teniae Coli: 3 bands of longitudinal smooth musc in muscularis.
      - Haustra: pocket-like sacs caused x teniaae coli
      - Eplipoid Appendages:fat-like pouches of visceral perito
    - - Gut Bacteria: influence weight,
        mood, disease vulnerability
      - Metabolic Functions
        
        Fermentation of indigestible carbs
        by releasing acids + gases.
        
        Synthesizes B Complex & Vitamin K
        (needed x liver for clotting)
    - - reabsorption of vitamins,
        H2O + electrolyte (Na+, Cl+)
      - propulsion of feces to anus
        w/ mass movements &
        expelled w/ musc contraction.
      - no food breakdown,
        only bacteria's digestion
  - - - In Large Intestine! Vitamins K & B: bacterial metabolism
      - Fat-soluble (ADEK): diffuse into absorptive cells
      - Water-Soluble (CB): abs x diffusion or pass/acti trans
      - Vitamin B12: binds w/ IF + abs x encodytosis
    - - Fe + Ca @ duodenum; Ca+ reg x Vitamin D & PTH; Fe
        stored @ mucosa cells w/ ferritin & trans in blood x transferrin.
      - K+: diffuses in resp to osmosis.
      - Na+: vouple w/ glucose + amino acid abs
      - Cl+: acti trans
    - - Carbs
        
        1) In mouth x salivary amylase
        
        2) In s-int x pancreatic amylase
        
        3) In s-int x brush border enzymes
      - Fats
        
        1) In motuh x lingual lipase
        
        2) In stomach x gastric lipase
        
        3) In s-int x bile
        
        4) In s-int x pancreatic lipase
      - Protein
        
        1) In stomach x pepsin & HCI
        
        2) In s-int x pancreatic enzymes
        
        3) In s-nt x brush border enzymes
      - Nucleotides
        
        1) In s-int x pancreatic ribunoclease + deoxyribonuclease.
        
        2) In s-int x brush border enzymes