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TRAIT THEORY - Coggle Diagram
TRAIT THEORY
CATTELL
Raymond Cattell aimed to reduce this list, and identify the basic structures of personality
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used factor analysis
FACTOR ANALYSIS
a statistical tool used to summarise how a large number of variables are related and identified common patterns that might underlie these correlations, eg factors
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a factor analysis will calculate all possible correlations between variables, and group them together into factors according to the pattern of these correlations
Started with 4,500 trait names identified by Allport and Odbert
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After more review, left with 16 traits
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16 personality questionnaire - 185 multiple choice questions, 25-50 mins to complete
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ASSUMPTIONS
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traits are bipolar - eg for any trait, there is an opposite lying on the same continuum
traits are continuous - people have more of a trait by demonstrating behaviour with greater frequency/ intensity across range of situations
traits can be distinguished from states - traits are enduring and stable over long periods and across situations - states are brief and situation-specific
PERSONALITY TYPES
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Psycho sexual development - orally receptive personality, anally retentive personality
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Social psychologists have shown us that situational factors can have a profound influence on how we behave
what we call personality might simply be the sum of all our average tendencies across different situations
however, our behaviour is often context specific and frequently varies according to a number of different factors
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What we call personality might simply be the sum of all our average tendencies across different situations
Some theorists argue that to understand human behaviour and personality appropriately we need to adopt an interventionist approach
the individual, the situation and their interaction are all important determinants of behaviour
other theories -Goffman, 1956, suggest that there is no true self and we all present different versions of ourselves to according to the situation and audience
GORDON ALLPORT
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suggest that there are 4,500 different personality traits
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SIR FRANCIS GALTON
suggested the most meaningful differences in personality might be encoded in language as single words
LEXICAL HYPOTHESIS
3 MAIN CRITERIA
frequency of use - the more often we use a personality descriptor, the more important that personality is assumed to be
number of synonyms - the more important a personality trait is, the greater number of synonyms it is likely to have
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Personality traits are likely to be a better way to understand individual differences than personality types