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ARA 102 S21 - 9:30 am Class - Group - Politico-Religious Movements -…
ARA 102 S21 - 9:30 am Class - Group - Politico-Religious Movements
SUFISM
DEFINITION
Sufism as a concept and a discipline is based on the Quran and the Sunna of the Prophet
Sufism is a combination of Islamic Spirituality, Asceticism, and Mysticism.
Sufis are also know by other terms such as: Faqir, pl. fuqara’, Darwish, pl. darawish, and Wali, pl. awliya’.
STAGES OF GROWTH
The first stages of Sufism appeared in pious circles as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad period (661-750). It all started in Basra/Iraq and many Muslims resorted to strict asceticism.
The introduction of the element of love changed asceticism into mysticism. It is ascribed to Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiya (d. 801) from Basra. Rabi‘a first formulated the Sufi ideal of a love of God that was disinterested, without hope for paradise and without fear of hell.
By the second half of the 9th century there were two distinguished schools, School of Sobriety / sahw and School of Intoxication / sukr. School of Sobriety was created in Baghdad and named Baghdadi or Junaydi after Abū al-Qāsim al-Junayd (d. 910). The school of Intoxication, also know as the malamatiyya community, was Centered in Khurasan, and named the Khurasani or the Bistami after Abu Yazid al-Bistami (d. 874)
The foundation of the Sufi orders (tariqa, which literary means ‘way’ or ‘path’) was deeply rooted in the notion of a special and personal murshid-murid relationship, or the master-disciple or director-aspirant. A silsila-tariqa is a tariqa affiliated with its founder through a continuous chain (silsila) of sheikhs who are the founder’s spiritual heirs and the aspirants’ spiritual leaders.
Some tariqas which became the most significant for the development of institutional Sufism were:
The Suhrawardiyya attributed to Diya’ al-Din Abu Najib al-Suhrawardi (d.1168)
The Qadiriyya attributed to Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (d.1166)
The Badawiyya of Ahmad al-Badawi (d.1276), centered in Egypt
The Kubrawiyya of Najm al-Din Kubra (d.1221)
FAMOUS SUFIS
Abu Hamid Al-Ghazzali, who was a Persian Sufi, theologian and jurist.
Ibn Arabi, who was an Andalusian Sufi and philosopher, and famous for fusing philosophy with Sufism.
Jalal al-Din Rumi, who was the greatest Persian Sufi poet, and was famous for inspiring the Mawlawiyya Sufi order / the whirling dervishes.
SHIA
ISMAILIYA
The Ismailis, from whom the Fatimid Caliphate would emerge, are named after Ismail b. Ja’far, who they recognize as their seventh Imam after Ja'far al-Sadiqq.
IMAMIYYA / TWELVERS
The Twelvers are the largest branch of Shia Islam. The term “Twelver” refers to the belief in twelve imams, the last being Muhammad al-Mahdi who lives in occultation and will reappear as the promised Mahdi.
ZAYDIYYA / FIVERS
Zaydiyya sometimes referred to as Fivers, are currently the second-largest Shia group after the Twelvers, and are named after Zayd b. Ali (the grandson of al-Husayn b. Ali) who they consider their fifth Imam.
Based on the doctrine of imamate as a divine institution succeeding the institution of Prophethood, the Shia believe in the theocratic authority of the descendants of the Prophet’s daughter Fatima and her husband Ali b. Abi Talib. Starting with Ali himself as the first imam, followed by his sons al-Hasan and al-Husayn.
Just as Islam has established itself from the outset as a religious and a sociopolitical institution, Shiism is inherently both political and religious. Their first spark was seen as early as CE 632 when succession to the prophet Muhammad raised many questions about the leadership of the Muslim nation. Many believed that Ali b. Talib, the Prophet’s cousin, and son-in-law was the heir designated by the Prophet himself.
Sunnis have always claimed Ali’s acceptance and support of those preceding him, yet the Shia stress the opposite. The political dispute over leadership eventually exploded into a civil war between Ali and Mu’awiya b. Abi Sufyan and marked the birth of a religio-political movement called the Shia.
Group Members:
Maryam Albloushi 00089212 (worked on Sufism and Shia on 1/5/2021)
Maryam Alteneiji 00090119 (worked on the Sunni part on 3/5/2021 and Muslim Brotherhood on 5/5/2021)
Mohaymin Hassan 00090707
(Worked on Wahhabism and Schools of Theology on 3/5/2021)
The Sunni Schools of Jurisprudence:
8th and 9th century.
Developed and mobilized by clerical elite 'Ulama'.
Their job is to collect everything that is related to law in Quran and Sunna, put it together and study it by interpreting that law using their own experience.
Main Individuals:
Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man (d.767)
Muhamad b. Idris al-Shafi'i (d.820)
Malik b. Anas (d.795)
Ahmad b. Hanbal (d.855)
Terminology:
Jurist:
in Arabic known as Faqih is the basic level of expert in Islamic law.
Mujtahid:
the highest level of expert in Islamic law.
Four Schools of Jurisprudence:
1- Hanafi
2- Shafi'i
3- Maliki
4- Hanbali
These 4 schools are equally legitimate
These schools are in good agreement on all essentials aspect of religion of Islam. They acknowledge the authority of Quran and the Hadith as the ultimate source of the Islam law.
Their interpretations of the law differ only in matters where primary sources have been silent.
WAHHABISM
The Wahhabiya movement is named after Muhammed B. Abd al-Wahhab
Reformer famous for attacking "the blind acceptance of authority in religious matters" and for opposing the earlier the earlier "ulama who lack independent thinking" in the 18th century
He emphasized the importance of eradicating and superstitious or foreign practices adopted by Muslims over the centuries, and went to the extreme by violating certain ethics purely to prove his point of adherence to tawhid
His 3 most famous acts of challenge were:
-Cutting of a sacred tree.
-Destroying the monument over the tomb of the Prophet Muhammed's companion Zayd B. Al-Khattab for its popularity.
-Stoning of an adulteress after her continous and deliberate inappropriate sexual behaviour and her own admittance to her sins without any repentance or willingness to change her lifestyle.
The 18th century reformers, were not revolutionary and their purpose was not political
They did not seek to overthrow any governments or to replace any political power with anothe
They wished for Islam to be reflected in the political system
The later Wahhabi movement came to inherit a legacy of extremism and intolerance. It is the promotion of violence against anyone who did not adhere to the doctrine of tawhid. This is the popular view and the violent image that has come down to our modern day society about Wahhabism.
It is noteworthy that Muḥammad b. Abd al-Wahhab did not have a political protector for a long time. However, an alliance was formed between Muḥammad b. Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad b. Saʿud. The latter led to the foundation of the first Saudi state, which was followed by two subsequent states till this very present day. This alliance laid the basis for the political movement that was to emerge out of Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahhab’s religious teachings and which came to be known as the Wahhabiyya.
Schools of Theology
Are various Islamic schools and branches in different schools of thought regarding aqidah (creed)
Names of Schools of theoloy: Hanbali, Hanafi, Maliki, and Shafei
Hanbali: Is an Islamic scholarly movement, originating in the late 8th century. Founded by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal
Hanafi: The Hanafi School is one of the four major schools of Sunni Islamic legal reasoning and repositories of positive law. It was built upon the teachings of Abu Hanifa (d. 767
Maliki: The Mālikī school is one of the four major madhhabs of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. It was founded by Malik ibn Anas in the 8th century. The Maliki school of jurisprudence relies on the Quran and hadiths as primary sources
Shafei:The Shafiʽi madhhab is one of the four major traditional schools of Islamic law in Sunni Islam. It was founded by the Arab scholar Muhammad ibn Idris Al-Shafiʽi, a pupil of Malik, in the early 9th century.
Muslim Brotherhood
Founded in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna.
It has influenced other Islamic movements around the world with its model of political activism combined with Islamic charity work.
It initially aimed to spread Islamic morals and good works, but it soon dived into politics with a deep engagement in a fight against colonial control and Western influence on the Egyptian society.
By the late 40s, the MB had around 2 million followers in Egypt, and its ideas had already spread beyond Egypt’s borders across the Arab world.
In 1949, Hasan al-Banna was shot dead by an unknown gunman.
In the new millennium, the MB started gaining more seats in parliament.
Revolution happened in January 2011.
The election of MB candidate, Muḥammad Mursi, in highly controversial presidential elections in 2012 marked a
historic victory for the MB, from a banned party to the leading one.
His Presidency only lasted one year, he was overturned by the military in 2013, arrested, tried and sentenced to 20 years in prison. He died in prison in 2019.