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Digestive & Urinary System, Jaclyn Orozco, Period 1 -…

- - - - Oral orifice is the anterior opening
      - Walls of mouth lined with stratified squamous epithelium
      - Lips and Cheeks
        
        Lips - composed of fleshy oribicularis oris muscle
        
        Cheeks - composed of buccinator muscles
        
        Labia Frenulum - median attachment of each lip to gum
      - Palate
        
        Palate forms the roof of the mouth and has 2 different parts
        
        1. Hard Palate - formed by palatine bones and palatine processes of maxillae with a midline ridge called raphe
        
        2. Soft Palate - fold formed mostly of skeletal muscles
        
        Closes off nasopharyx during swallowing
        
        Uvula - fingerlike projection that faces downward from free edge of soft palate
      - Mouth is where food is chewed and mixed with enzyme containing saliva that begins the process of digestion and swallowing process is initiated
      - Salivary Glands
        
        Functions
        
        Cleanses mouth
        
        Dissolves food chemicals for taste
        
        Moistens food; compacts into bolus
        
        Begins breakdown of starch with enzyme amylase
        
        2 Sensory Cells
        
        Serous cells - produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions and a bit of mucin
        
        Mucous Cells - produce mucus
    - - Cardial Part - surrounds cardial orifice
      - Fundus - dome shaped region beneath diaphragm
      - Body - mid portion
      - Pyloric Part - wider and more superior portion of pyloric region antrum narrows into pyloric canal that terminates in pylorous
      - Greater Curvature - convex lateral surface of stomach
      - Lesser Curvature - concave medial surface of stomach
  - - - Lie in sockets in gum covered margins of mandible and maxilla
      - Mastification- process of chewing that tears and grinds food into smaller fragments
      - Incisors - chisel shaped for cutting
      - Canines - fanglike teeth that tear or pierce
      - Premolars - broad crowns with rounded cusps used to grind or crush
      - Molars - broad crowns, rounded cusps; best grinders
        
        During chewing upper and lower molars lock together creating a tremendous crushing force
      - Tooth Structure
        
        Crown - exposed part above the gigiva
        
        Root - portion embedded in jawbond
        
        Connected to crown by neck
    - - Tongue occupies floor of mouth
      - Functions
        
        Gripping, repositioning, and mixing of food during chewing
        
        Formation of bolus, mixture of food, and saliva
        
        Initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste
      - Lingual Frenulum - attachment to floor of mouth
- - - - Proximal part of descending limb is continous with proximal tubule
      - Distal portion also called descending thin limbs; simple squamous epithelium
    - - Thick ascending limb
      - Thin in some nephrons
      - Cuboidal or columnar cells