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Bioenergetics - Coggle Diagram
Bioenergetics
Questions
- Name three processes that organisms require energy for.
- What does the chemical formula C6H12O6 represent?
- Write down the word equation for aerobic respiration in a plant cell.
- Write down the word equation for anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell.
- Why is fermentation of economic importance?
- Describe three ways in which the body responds to vigorous exercise in order to ensure sufficient oxygen reaches the muscle cells.
- If exercise carries on for a long time, what happens to the muscles?
- Why is endothermic respiration described as an endothermic reaction?
Respiration
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An organism will receive all the energy it needs for living processes as a result of the energy transferred from respiration.
The reactions of respiration occur 24 hours a day, continuously, in all living cells.
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Aerobic Respiration
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Aerobic respiration occurs inside mitochondria continuously. Glucose is oxidized by oxygen to transfer the energy the organism needs to perform its function. Aerobic respiration releases a large amount of energy from each glucose molecule.
Anaerobic Respiration
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Respiration can transfer energy in cells anaerobically (without oxygen). During hard exercise, muscle cells are respiring so fast that the blood cannot transport enough oxygen to meet their needs.
The muscle cells switch to use anaerobic respiration to transfer energy. Glucose is not completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water, so less energy is transferred. An end product called lactic acid is formed. This builds up in the muscle cells.
After exercise the lactic acid must be combined with oxygen to convert it to carbon dioxide. The amount of oxygen which must be taken in to convert all lactic acid to carbon dioxide is called oxygen debt.
Anaerobic respiration in yeast: Anaerobic respiration in yeast is called fermentation. This process is economically important in the manufacture of alcoholic drinks and bread.
Response to exercise
During exercise the human body reacts to the increased demand for energy. If insufficient oxygen is supplied to the muscles cells then anaerobic respiration occurs.
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Breathing rate and breath volume increases. This increases the amount of oxygen entering the bloodstream.
- Lactic acid builds up in the muscle cells during exercise
- Blood flows through the muscle cells and transports the lactic acid to the liver.
- The liver oxidises the lactic acid and converts it back to glucose.
- Glucose is used in aerobic respiration or it is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver for later use.
Metabolism
Organisms use the energy transferred by respiration for the continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism.
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Glucose and nitrate ions from the soil form amino acids. Amino acids are used to synthesise proteins. These are metabolic reactions.
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