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Laboratory Tests - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Renal dysfunction
        
        Causes
        
        dehydration
        
        obstructed urinary tract
        
        kidney damage
        
        decreased kidney function
        
        microvascular complication of diabetes
        
        nephrotoxic drugs
        
        NSAIDs
        
        Vancomycin
        
        contrast media.
  - - - heart failure
      - dehydration
      - high protein diet.
      - Kidney damage[ NOT] renal failure
    - - Liver disease
  - - - Increased
        
        macroalbuminuria
      - Decreased
        
        microalbuminuria
  - - - Small traces
        
        no implications
      - Protienuria( greater than 150 mg/day)
        
        dysfunction or rena disease
    - - diabetes mellitus or the need for improved glucose control
    - - Cloudiness
        
        Phosphates
        
        Urates
      - reddish orange
        
        Blood
        
        drugs as rifampicin
      - blue green color
        
        amitriptylline
      - brown discoloration
        
        chloroquine& metronidazole
- - - - RBC hemolysis , because the liver produces
        direct bilirubin, which is unaffected.
    - - hepatocellular diseases
    - - Signs of jaundice which could result in Kernicterus in infants &childern
  - - - myocardial infarction
  - - - liver cirrhosis
      - hepatic cancer
      - hepatitis
      - gallstones
    - - overreactive parathyroid gland
      - rickets
      - Paget s disease
      - bone cancer.
  - - - hepatitis
      - alcoholic liver diseases
    - - drug toxicity
      - interference with drugs
        
        acetaminophen
        
        erythromycin
- - - - Rise (Neutrophilia)
        
        steroids,
        
        intense exercise
        
        infection
      - Decrease (Neutropenia)
        
        toxic agents (Chemotherapy)
        
        Viral infection
        
        acute infection
        
        chicken pox
        
        the flu
        
        infectious mononucleosis
        
        Mild neutropenia in first weeks of illness
        
        hepatitis
        (B mainly)
    - - Increase
        
        Parasitic infections
        
        Allergic reactions
    - - viral infections
  - - - chemotherapy
      - bone marrow suppression
      - autoimmune disorder
      - Heparin-Induced thrompocytopenia
    - - chronic inflammatory disorders
      - iron deficiency anemia
      - infections
  - - - Decreased
        
        Anaemia
        
        Normocytic
        [Normal MCV (
        83 101 fL )]
        
        Causes
        
        Early iron deficiency
        
        Chronic renal insufficiency
        
        Acute blood loss
        
        Microcytic
        [Low MCV
        (<83 fL ) ]
        
        Causes
        
        Iron deficiency
        
        Thalassaemic Disorders
        
        Macrocytic
        [High MCV (>
        101 fL]
        
        Causes
        
        Folate deficiency
        
        Alcohol abuse
        
        B 12 deficiency
      - Increased
        
        polycythemia (reactive or neoplastic)
        
        dehydration
      - Abnormal Haemoglobins [rare genetic diseases,]
        
        HbS [sickle
        haemoglobin ]
        
        sickle cell disease
        
        HbA 2
        
        β thalassaemia carriers
    - - Deficiency
        
        Neurological disease
        
        dementia
        
        psychosis
        
        neuropathies
        
        Malabsorption syndrome
        
        Macrocytic anaemia
        
        Folate deficiency
        
        Causes
        
        Depression, dementia and neural tube defects
        
        Malnutrition, malabsorption
        
        Macrocytic anaemia megaloblastic anaemia)
        
        Crohn s disease
      - Increase
        
        Liver disease
    - - Decreased
        
        malnutrition
        
        severe burns
        
        Gastrointestinal losses
        
        Some hepatic disease
        
        Anemia of chronic disease
        
        iron overdose
      - Increaesd
        
        estrogen therapy
        
        pregnancy
        
        hypoxia
        
        oral contraceptives
        
        Iron deficiency anemia
    - - Decreased
        
        iron deficiency anaemia
      - Increaesd
        
        raised iron stores
        
        liver disease or malignancy
        
        inflammatory disorders
    - - Decreased
        
        Pregnancy ( 3 rd trimester)
        
        Progesterone oral contraceptives
        
        Chronic blood loss
        
        Hypothyroidism
        
        Iron deficiency anemia
      - Increaesd
        
        Thalassemia
        
        lead poisoning
        
        Hemolytic anemia
        
        Pernicious anemia
        
        acute hepatitis
        
        acute leukemia
- - - - Ideal
    - - smoking
      - lack of exercise
      - obesity
      - stress
      - starvation
      - hypertriglyceridemia
      - Recent illness
      - some medications
        
        steroids
        
        beta blockers
        
        thiazide diuretics
  - - - Hypothyroidism
      - Regularly eating more calories than you burn
      - Poorly controlled diabetes
      - Some substances and drugs
        
        bile binding resins
        
        oral estrogens
        
        thiazide diuretics
        
        progestins
        
        noncardioselective beta blockers
        
        tamoxifen
        
        corticosteroids
        
        antiretroviral therapy
        
        ethanol
      - Obesity
  - - - regular aerobic exercise
      - smoking
        cessation
      - mild therapy with HMG CoA reductase
        inhibitors (statins)
      - decrease in body mass index
- - - - Hyperthyroidism
        **Normal TSH (With low T3&T4)
        Possible hypopituitarism
    - - Primary hypothyroidism
        (T4 should be low)
  - - - Hypothyroidism
      - thyroiditis,
      - nephrosis
      - cirrhosis,
      - hypoproteinemia
      - malnutrition
      - drugs
        
        salicylates
        
        phenytoin
        
        anabolic steroids
        
        propranolol
    - - Graves ’ disease
      - pregnancy
      - acute thyroiditis
      - early hepatitis
      - Hyperthyroidism
      - estrogen use