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Biology of Behavior - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Cell body; It contains the cell nucleus
      - Dendrites
        
        Branchlike parts of the neuron that receives information
      - Axon
        
        Long fibers that transmits information away from the Soma to other cells
        
        Myelin Sheath
        
        Insulating material that encases some axons as well as speeding up the transmission of signals that move the axons
        
        Terminal Buttons
        
        Small knobs at the end of axons that produce and discharge (secrete) chemicals; neurotransmitters
        
        Neurotransmitters are chemicals that act as messengers to other neurons
        
        Types of Neurotransmitters
        
        Acetylcholine (ACh) > transmitter between motor skills and voluntary muscles
        
        Monoamines
        
        3 more items...
        
        Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); low presence may suggest presence of Anxiety Disorder
        
        Endorphins; a natural painkiller, responses to stress and regulates eating
        
        1 more item...
        
        Some neurotransmitters are synapses
    - - The junction at which information is transmitted between neurons
- - - - The (minimal) length of time that must pass before another action potential is called the absolute refractory period
        
        Relative refractory period is when the neuron fires, the threshold for firing increases, as such it has to be a more intense stimulations to start another action potential
- - - - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; is used to look at blood flow
- - - - Hindbrain (the back of the brain)
        
        Medulla; regulate breathing, muscle tone, and circulation
        
        Pons; manages sleep and arousal
        
        Cerebellum; coordinates fine muscles and sense of balance
        
        Damage to the cerebellum may cause it to be difficult to perform motor skills like writing or typing
        
        There is a circuit that connects the Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex seem to be involved in higher-order functions like paying attention, visual perception
      - Midbrain (the middle of the brain)
        
        processes vision and hearing
        
        Releases dopamine
        
        Reticular formation; modulates muscles reflexes such as breathing and pain perception, as well as regulate sleeping and arousal
      - Forebrain (the front of the brain)
        
        Thalamus; controls the sensory information (except for smell), as well as relay and integrate information sensory information
        
        Hypothalamus; regulates basic biological needs of the body, as well as the need to fight, flee, feed and mate; controls the ANS; as well as the link for the brain to the endocrine system
        
        Endocrine System; in charge or production and discharging hormones into the bloodstream
        
        Limbic System; regulates emotions, memory, motivation and pleasure: it is roughly located along the border of the cerebal cortex and deeper subcortical areas
        
        Amygdala helps in the learning of fear and basic emotional responses
        
        Cerebrum; it is divided into the left and right brain
        
        Cerebral Hemispheres; they are the left and right halves of the brain and both have 4 lobes each
        
        Parietal lobe (primary somatosensory cortex): registers sense of touch
        
        Temporal lobe; registers audio
        
        Frontal lobe (Primary motor cortex); controls the muscles
        
        more of the cortex is used to control fine muscles (eg fingers, tongue, lips) while less of the cortex is used to control larger parts (eg. thighs and shoulders)
        
        Occipital lobe; visual process; is located at the back of the head
        
        Left Hemisphere
        
        Broca's Area; helps to produce speech
        
        Wernicke's Area; helps to comprehend/understand language
        
        Neurogenesis; the formation of new neurons
        
        Happens certain experiences sculpt how the brain is structured (eg damage to sensory pathways, destruction of brain tissues that cause neural reorganisation
        
        Cerebral Cortex; the outer layer of the of the Cerebrum
        
        Corpus Callosum; the structure that connects the two hemispheres/halves of the brain
  - - - Efferent Nerves fibers carry information outward from the CNS
      - Afferent Nerve fibers carry information inward to the CNS
    - - Sympathetic Division mobilizes body's resources for emergency situations
        
        eg. Fight or Flight
      - Parasympathetic Division conserves the body's resources