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1-Basic concept of thermodynamics 2-Properties of pure substances 3…

- - - - No change in pressure at any point of the system with time
    - - Temperature is the same throughout the system
    - - Chemical composition does not change with time
    - - The mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there
- - - - P = Absolute Pressure (Pab = Patm + Pgauge)
      - V = Volume or specific volume depending on equation
      - T = Absolute Temperature (0 Kelvin)
      - R(u) = universal gas constant
      - PV = mRT
        
        R = Ru/M. M is molar mass of gas
      - n = m/M where m is mass of gas and M is the molar mass of gas
      - Compressibility Factor, Z
        
        Z < 1 or Z >1 (Deviation of real gas from ideal gas)
        
        Z = 1 (Gas obeys Ideal Gas Law)
        
        Use Compressibility Chart
        
        Z = V(actual)/V(ideal)
        
        Can be used to calculate errors
        
        P(reduced) = P/P(critical)
        
        We can use Pr and Tr for compressibility factor chart
        
        T(reduced) = T/T(critical)
      - Van der Waals Equation
        
        Used to describe intermolecular forces and volume occupied by the molecules
- - - - pressure cooker
  - - - thermo flask
  - - - boiling water without lid
- - - - Work done,W = Q1-Q2
      - Thermal Efficiency, n = (Q1-Q2)/Q1