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Forgetting. - Coggle Diagram
Forgetting.
Evaluation.
Labs.
- These results support the idea of retroactive inference, as the learning of new information (new team names) interfered with the memory of old information (earlier team names).
- Many psychologists argue that these findings lack ecological validity do not represent everyday examples of interference (or forgetting) and are limited in their application to everyday human memory.
However...
This is a strength as the extraneous variables can be controlled and these experiments can be replicated so reliability can be tested.
One type.
- Interference only explains one type of memory loss…. Getting information new and old mixed up.
- The results of Baddeley and Hitch demonstrate retroactive interference in rugby union players trying to recall team names from earlier that season.
While this example highlights interference effects of very similar information, the research is somewhat limited as it fails to explain forgetting in other situations when information is not similar.
Disappear.
The research does not investigate whether the information has “disappeared” or can be recovered later. Ceraso (1967) showed that if tested again after 24 hours there is significant recovery so the effect of interference might be temporary.
Motivation.
- The participants do not have the same motivation to remember the stimuli used in an experiment than they have to remember things which are important to their lives
- i.e. remembering studies for an exam,
- So the recall of the participants might be less accurate and make the effects of interference appear stronger than they really are.
Danaher 2008.
- They found that when people are exposed to rival adverting brands in a short time interval recall and recognition of advertiser's message are confused.
- This is a genuine problem considering the amount of money spent on advertisement only to be diluted by inference.
However...
- There is a solution...
- By running adverts on a specific day and by ensuring they are significantly spaced apart from rival brans it can help prevent dilution.
Therefore, interference theory is useful for real life situations as it helps advertisers as they attempt to build brands.
Anderson 2000.
- They believed that interference did play a role in forgetting but how much it attributed remain unclear.
- Therefore, findings from interference theory are difficult to generalise to real life everyday forgetting as they are studied in lab setting and how much credited due to interference is uncertain.
Underwood and Postman.
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Procedure:
- Participants were divided into two groups.
- lab experiment was used. Participants were split into two groups. Both groups had to remember a list of paired words – e.g. cat - tree, jelly - moss, book - tractor. The experimental group also had to learn another list of words where the second paired word if different – e.g. cat – glass, jelly- time, book – revolver. The control group were not given the second list. All participants were asked to recall the words on the first list.
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Conclusion:
This suggests that learning items in the second list interfered with participants’ ability to recall the list. This is an example of retroactive interference.
Baddeley and Hitch 1977.
- They examined rugby union players who had played every match in the season and players who had missed some games due to injuries.
- The players were asked to recall the names of the teams they had played against earlier in the season.
- Baddeley and Hitch found that players who had played the most games forgot proportionately more games than those who had played fewer games due to injury.
- These results support the idea of retroactive inference, as the learning of new information (new team names) interfered with the memory of old information (earlier team names).
Context.
The Multistore model of memory states that LTM has an unlimited capacity, and memories have a duration of potentially a lifetime.
However, we know by experience that we forget information stored in the LTM.
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