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ARA102 S21 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements 2pm group 4 - Coggle…
ARA102 S21 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements 2pm group 4
The Shia
2nd largest group after sunnism
Believed ali b. abi talib was heir to the prophet instead of abu bakr
earliest sectarian community
dynastic and theological disputes caused schism with shia between 680-900/
Zayidyya (fivers)> 2nd larest shia group and the first/ Zayd.b ali 5th imam >political activists
twelvers >largest branch of shia islam > Musa al kazim 7th imam> believe in 12 imams > last one (12th imam) is al mahdi >quietsts
Ismalis> Ismail B. Ja'afar 7th imam > fatimid caliphate emerges from it
Sunni schools of Jurisprudence (Madhahib)
sharia/fiqh: external physical aspect/ social and religious do's and don'ts/ correct application of acts of worship/state admiration and the like
sharia is divine in nature while fiqh is the human endeavor that interprets and explains the divine law
Sunni schools of law and theology developed and mobilized by clerical elite referred to as the ulama, and Sufism, which arose from the ranks of folk piety but soon developed into institutionalized bodies
The Quran and the Sunna of the Prophet are the two primary sources of Islamic law, faith, and thought in general.
In matters related to law, these primary sources, when not made explicit, are then complemented with secondary sources based on human interpretation made by the jurists
There were four major orthodox Sunni schools of jurisprudence—the Hanafi, the Malaki, the Shafi’i and the Hanbali—though there were also numerous independent scholars and small personal schools, which disappeared by 1100.
These schools were circles of religious scholars Ulama and students adhering to the codes of law developed by the founders of the schools in the eighth and ninth centuries: Abu Hanifa al-Nu’man -Malik b.Anas (d.795), Muhammad b. Idris al-Shafi’i and Ahmad b. hanbal
The majority of Muslims regard these four schools as equally legitimate as their interpretations of the law differ only in matters where the primary sources have been silent
Schools of Theology
theology: internal part
the idea of god, prophets, miscellenous,angles, holybooks, and hereafter
abbasid era marks birth of theology with scholar hasan al basri
wasil b.ata student of al basri> mu'tazila >rise to science of kalam new concept "intermediate state"> excesscive rationalism and too controvorsial
vs. ash'ariya> founder was Abu al Hasan al ash'ari/ reason is subordinated to revelation> more orthdox approach> won acceptance within sunii islam> offical creed
Sufism
In arabic, it is known as tasawwuf, which is a combination of “Spirituality”, “Asceticism” (zuhd), and “Mysticism”.
Based on Quranic message, and Sunna of the Prophet, and nothing else.
Originally, it was not a sect or school, but an ideology and doctrine.
One notable school of sufism in the 9th century was the School of Sobriety (sahw) centered in Baghdad.
Another notable school of sufism in the 9th century was the School of Intoxication (sukr) centered in Khurusan.
Later, Sufism (10th century) was institutionalized in a nation known as “tariqa (way/path)”. They typically never developed sectarian tendencies.
Famous sufis include Abu Hamid Al-Ghazzali, Ibn Arabi, and Jalal al-Din Rumi
rabba al adwaya introduced element love which transformed asceticism to mysticism
16th century The final transformation of the Sufi brotherhoods into organizations properly
Wahhabism
Named after Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahhab
He eliminated any superstious practices adopted by muslims and went to the extreme by violating certain ethics purely to prove his point of adherence to tawhid
Initially purpose was not political/ they did not seek to overthrow any governments or to replace any political power with another
The later Wahhabi movement came to inherit a legacy of extremism and intolerance.
The wahabis rejected all kinds of innovations such as:
• visiting the tombs of saints
• introducing a name of a “saint” into a prayer
• seeking intercession from any being but Allah
• celebrating the Prophet’s birth
They called for strict adherence to:
• attendance at public prayer as obligatory
• smoking of tobacco or shaving the beard or the use of abusive language punishable
• cleansing the society from any foreign practices and adoptions
Muslim Brotherhood
It formed a paramilitary wing in which members joined to fight the British rule and engaged in bombings and assassinations.
It was dissolved by the government in 1948, with Hasan al-Banna shot dead in 1949.
By the late 1940s, the brotherhood had around 2 million followers in Egypt, and it started spreading beyond.
The MB supported the 1952 revolution, turning Egypt into a republic state, but they soon fell out from the government.
Originally aimed towards spreading Islamic ideals, it soon dived into politics to fight western influence in Egyptian society
After a failed assassination in 1954, the MB was banned, but it continued growing underground.
It was a political Islamic movement founded in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna, and became the leading party in Egypt in 2011-2012.
In the advent of the 21st century, the MB started getting seats in the parliament, which alarmed the government, resulting in a crackdown.
In 2011, revolution happened, with the MB candidate, Muhammed Mursi, winning the presidential election in 2012.
His rule lasted a year, and then he was overturned to the military in 2013. He passed away while imprisoned in 2019.
Group members: Farah El-Batouty/ Saif rajab/ Ali Qayed 27/4.2021
Group members: Farah El-batouty/ Saif Rajab/ Ali Qayed (02/05/2021)