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THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR (17th century), image, image, image, image,…
THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR (17th century)
the war
took place between 1618 and 1648
Protestant uprising in Bohemia
A group of Protestant nobles from Bohemia expelled the Catholics and appointed a Protestant king
Ferdinand II of the House of Habsburg
fought against them
Two sides were formed
Emperor had the support of
the German Catholics
the King of Spain (who was also from the Habsburg dynasty) and Portugal
The Protestants formed an alliance with
Germany, but they were defeated.
The intervention of Denmark
Lutheran King of Denmark intervened, supported by England
At the same time
United Provinces
resumed their fight against Spain
Protestants were defeated
Surrender of Breda in 1626
Swedish participation
the German Catholics seized the opportunity to take the Protestants' possessions
a peace treaty was signed
religious persecution would be stopped
Peace of Westphalia in 1648
ending the Thirty Years' War
main consequences of this peace treaty
Spanish monarchy lost their dominance over Europe
independence of the northern Low Countries was recognise
sovereignty of the German states was recognised
Religious tolerance and limits on the power held by the Emperor were establishe
Sweden became the dominant state on the Baltic coast
France obtained territories in the Holy Roman Empire
Peace of Westphalia did not end the conflicts between France and Spain and they continued to fight against each other
FRANCE AND ABSOLUTISM
when absolute monarchies were established
all the power was held by the king
France became the main example
King Louis XIV
following characteristics:
The monarch held unrestricted power
He had a large court of advisors
who lived with him in the luxurious Palace of Versailles
He increased the number of officials acting under his orders
secretaries of state, police, mayors ...
He gave the administrative officials
He had a board of governors
ministers who acted under the orders of a Prime Minister or Chancellor.
He expanded the diplomatic corps
He had an extremely well organised professional army
He intervened in the economy
Absolutism was supported by the Church
the king was God’s representative and everyone was accountable to him
ENGLAND AND THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
English King Charles I was an absolutist monarch
he needed to raise money
he summoned Parliament
Parliament demanded restrictions to the King's powers
a civil war broke out
1642-1648
between the King's and Parliament's supporters
Parliament was victorious
England became a republic
leader was Oliver Cromwell
become a dictator years later
monarchy was reinstated in England in 1660
to increase taxes
Parliament consisted of the Puritan bourgeoisie and Anglican nobles
when King James II tried to reinstate Catholicism
resulting in the Glorious Revolution in 1680
Parliament expelled the King and replaced him
William III (a Dutch Protestant).
1689
he signed the Bill of Rights, recognising Parliament's authority, private property and restrictions to royal power
In Europe
republics governed by a parliament had already been established
such as in Holland, Venice and Geneva
England was the first parliamentary monarchy
English Parliament consisted of two groups
• The House of Lords, who represented the higher nobility
The House of Commons, who acted in the name of the bourgeoisie
