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Posterior Pituitary Gland, Anterior Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus - Coggle…

- - - - Thyroid Glands
        
        .
        
        calcitonin
        
        opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH
        
        decreases blood Ca2+ and PO4- levels
        --> by stimulating osteoblasts to lay down more bone
        
        calcitriol = active form of Vitamin D
        
        GIT
        
        calcitonin increases the uptake of Ca2+ from the diet to increase bone growth
        
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        +
        
        -
        
        +
        
        T4 = thyroxine
        
        Bound T4
        
        99% of thyroxine is bound
        to plasma carrier proteins
        
        large reservoir of binding proteins
        
        80% thyroid binding globulin
        
        10% prealbumin
        
        remain on albumin
        
        T3 = diiodothyronine
        
        at target cells, T4 converted to T3
        
        PARATHYROID GLANDS
        
        parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
        
        increases Ca2+ and PO4- levels
        --> by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone
        
        - BONES
        
        PTH related conditions
        
        Pseudohypoparathyroidism
        
        Clinical Case:
        
        Notes:
        
        recall the actions of PTH
        --> 3 main actions = liver (+ kidney through VD3), osteoblasts (bone)
        
        PTH acts on the liver where stored vit D = 1-OH-VD3 is, converts it into active 1,25-OH D3
        
        1,25-OH D3 then acts on the kidneys to increase reabsorption of Ca++ and increase excretion of PO4-3 (phosphate)
        
        PTH also activates the RANKL binding from osteoblasts onto RANK receptors of osteoclasts to start bone reabsorption for Ca++
        --> PTH also stops the OPG self inhibition from osteoclasts, thus also increasing their activity
        
        PTH acts on the gut to increase absorption of vit D
        
        T3 = diiodothyronine
        
        Thyroid Pathology
        
        Hyperthyroidism
        
        Hashimotos Disease
        
        autoimmune hypothyroidism
        
        present earlier in life
        
        .
        
        Clinical Case
        
        Notes:
        
        note the large germinal lymphoid centres in the histology that develop in Hashimotos
        
        Hashimotos usually present with a diffuse goiter that enlarges slowly over time
        
        Ectopic Thyroid
        
        failure of Thyroid Migration during development
        
        Notes:
        
        note that the thyroid gland actually migrates down to below he cricothyroid cartilage joint
        
        failure of this migration results in ectopic thyroid
        --> this can be sublingual, etc.
        
        Clinical Case
- - - - Delta Cells
        
        also found in the pyloric antrum,
        duodenum, Islet of Langerhans
        
        GnRH
        Gonadotropin
        Releasing
        Hormone
        
        gonadotropes
        
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        3 more items...
        
        Epinephrine +
        
        Dopamine
        (D1 receptors) -
        
        Inhibin -
        
        SS = somatosttin
        (general inhibitor)
        
        (-)
    - - .
        
        .
        
        ..
        
        GHRH
        Growth Hormone
        Releasing Hormone
        
        somatotropes
        
        GH Growth Hormone
        = somotatropin
        
        4 more items...
        
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        1 more item...
      - CTRH
        
        corticotrophin releasing
        hormone
        
        corticotropes
        
        ACTH
        Adrenocorticotropic
        Hormone
        
        Adrenal Glands
        
        Adrenal Cortex
        
        Zona Reticularis
        
        releases weak acting androgens
        --> NOT testosterone
        
        Zona Fascicularis
        
        fascia that covers the reticularis innermost cortex layer
        
        most important layer for stress--> releases cortisol
        
        Zona Glomerulus
        
        furthest layer = glomerulus
        --> like in the kidney
        
        Adrenal Gland Pathology
        
        Pheochromocytoma
        
        adrenal medulla benign tumor
        
        chromaffin cells
        --> chromocytoma
        
        secretes atecholamines (Epi and NE)
        
        6 more items...
        
        Adrenal Gland: think of your Kidneys and GFR during SEX
        --> The deeper you go in GFR the SWEETER IT GETS
        --> your CAT Jerry is fast asleep IN the middle of the cat bed
        GFR = think the RAAS system from kidney (GFR) to the adrenals for aldosterone production
        G = glomerulus zona = salt = aldosterone
        --> stimulated by Angiotensin 2
        F = fascicularis zona = sugar = cortisol
        --> stimulated by ACTH and CRH
        R = reticularis zona = sex = androgens
        --> stimulated by ACTH and CRH
        CAT in bed = adrenal medulla cat = c =atecholamines
        --> Epi and norepi
        --> stimulated by ACh from SNS
        
        Adrenal Gland Hormones
        
        Catecholamine Synthesis
        
        Tyrosine --> DOPA --> dopamine --> NE --> Epi
        
        Tyrosine --> DOPA = rate limiting step
        
        TYRANTS are DOPE and they make PerMNT (permanent) Epi
        
        2 more items...
        
        Catecholamine Release
        
        from the adrenal medulla --> cat in the bed
        
        stimulated by ACh release for Sympathetic NS
        
        5 more items...
        
        GFR --> MGA
        
        from outer in
        
        G = glomerulosa (like the outer part of kidney)
        
        F = fasciculata
        
        R = reticularis - like the inner part of bone marrow before RBCs
        
        Adrenal Medulla
        
        innermost part of adrenals
        --> most important since releases
        --> epinephrine and norepinephrine
        
        epinephrine and norepinephrine