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ARA102 S21 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements, 9:30am, Section3, Group…
ARA102 S21 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements, 9:30am, Section3, Group 5
The Shia
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About the Shia:
Shia doctrine is based on an esoteric interpretation of Islam established by the “imams,” religious leaders who were descendants of Muhammad through Fatima and Ali and whom the Shia consider to be the sole interpreters of Islamic theology.
Shi'ism is inherently both political and religious. The Shia are the earliest example of a sectarian community in Islam. In which it has emerged in early 680
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Sufism
Sufism is a combination of Islamic Spirituality Asceticism, and Mysticism.
Stages of Growth:
- Appearance of early asceticism (roughly from the late 7th century)
- From asceticism to mysticism and the introduction of ‘love’ (from the 9th century)
The introduction of the element of love changed asceticism into mysticism,It is ascribed to Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiya (d. 801) from Basra Rabi‘a first formulated the Sufi ideal of a love of God that was disinterested, without hope for paradise and without fear of hell
- Development of mystical communities (from 9th century)
- Rise and proliferation of fraternal orders (roughly from the 10th century)
- The final transformation of the Sufi brotherhoods into organizations properly (from 16th century onwards)
Famous Sufis
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Jalal Al Din Rumi
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Greatest Sufi Poet,Inspired the Mawlawiyya Sufi order / the whirling dervishes
Abu Hamid Al Ghazzali
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A Persian philosopher who was one of the most prominent and influential philosophers, theologians, jurists, logicians and mystics, of Sunni Islam.
Terminologies
Faqir, pl. fuqara’
One who has physical or spiritual needs. It may refer to a beggar in a miserable state, but within a religious context it implies dependence on God.
Darwish, pl. darawish
Poor or mendicant. Refers to ascetic Sufis who wear rough wool clothing as a reflection of their rejection of material luxuries and dedicate themselves to a life of prayer, meditation on the Quran, fasting, seeking hidden or deeper guidance, and imitating the example of Muhammad .
Wali, pl. awliya’
The Arabic word which has been variously translated "master", "authority", "custodian", "protector", is most commonly used by Muslims to indicate an Islamic saint, otherwise referred to by the more literal "friend of God"
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Wahhabism
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18th century reformers:
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They wished for Islam to be reflected in the political system and for the system to support Islam in both private
and public life. And so, the reformers in turn supported the political rule and legitimized it.
Wahhabi Teaching:
the alliance that was formed between Muḥammad b. Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad b. Saʿud. laid the basis for the political movement that was to emerge out of Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahhab’s religious teachings and which came to be known as the Wahhabiyya.
The Wahhabis rejected all kinds of innovations, such as:
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Later reforms:
The later Wahhabi movement came to inherit a legacy of extremism and intolerance. It is the promotion of violence against anyone who did not adhere to the doctrine of tawhid. This is the popular view and the violent image that has come down to our modern day society about Wahhabism.
Muḥammad b. Abd al-Wahhab did not have a political protector for a long time. However, an alliance was formed between Muḥammad b. Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad b. Saʿud. The latter led to the foundation of the first Saudi state, which was followed by two subsequent states till this very present day.
Muslim Brotherhood
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Movement's Aim
It initially aimed to spread Islamic morals and good works, but it soon dived into politics with a deep engagement in a fight against colonial control and Western influence on the Egyptian society.
By the late 40s, the MB had around 2 million followers in Egypt, and its ideas had already spread beyond Egypt’s borders across the Arab world.
At the same time, Ḥasan al-Banna had formed a paramilitary wing whose members joined the fight against British colonial rule and engaged in a campaign of bombings and assassinations.
By the end of 1948 the MB was dissolved by the Egyptian government for attacking British and Jewish interests.
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A year later, in 1949, Hasan al-Banna was shot dead by an unknown gunman.
MB and Egypt:
The MB supported the Egyptian 1952 revolution which ended royalty and started the republic rule. However, they fell out with the government and the relationship between the two began to deteriorate rapidly.
After a failed attempt on the life of the Egyptian President Nasser in 1954, the MB was banned, some of its leaders executed, and thousands of its members imprisoned and tortured.
Following the official ban of the MB in Egypt in the mid-50s, the group continued to grow underground. In the 80s the MB rejoined the political mainstream. It became the main opposition force in Egypt.
In the new millennium, the MB started gaining more seats in parliament, which alarmed the government. This resulted in a crackdown of the MB once again launched by the government, where hundreds of members were detained and the government instituted a number of “legal” reforms to counter their resurgence.
the January 2011 revolution which led to the election of MB candidate, Muḥammad Mursi, in highly controversial presidential elections in 2012 marked a historic victory for the MB, from a banned party to the leading one.
His Presidency only lasted one year, he was overturned by the military in 2013, arrested, tried and sentenced to 20 years in prison. He died in prison in 2019.
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