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Review 4/25 - Coggle Diagram
Review 4/25
Lecture 10 Plant Growth: Shoots
how new leaf and bud primordia are established and patterned during primary growth by the shoot apex
Organ leaf primordia form on the margins of SAM
If SAM is removed, axillary meristems will produce leaf and bud primordia
phyllotaxy: the spiraling pattern of primordia
phyllotaxy averts self-shading and shade shorter competitors
tissues in stems and leaves, their functions and compare their anatomy between monocots and dicots
Monocots: scattered pattern of vascular bundles
dicots: ring of vascular bundles
how leaves and stems can be modified for diverse functions as plants adapt to different environments
leaf types
simple: single, undivided blade
compound: multiple leaflets, each leaflet does not have axillary bud
leaf diversity
succulent leaves
succulent
tendrils
storage leaves
onion
spines
reproductive leaves
stem diversity
rhizomes: underground stem (near surface)
ginger
stolons: stems that extend along the soil surface
strawberry
stem tubers: enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons that store food
potatoes
thorns: modified axillary branches
citrus
prickles: modified epidermal extensions
roses
how vascular cambium and cork cambium drive secondary growth of stems
secondary growth: thickening, involves lateral meristems after primary growth ends
occurs only in eudicots and conifers
vascular cambium adds xylem and phloem, forms annual ring pattern
cork cambium produces cork to its exterior - protects stem from water loss, invasion
lenticles: region of loose cork that allow diffusion of gases into stems
Lecture 11 Plant Water Relations
explain and compare different mechanisms that con drive movement of water or solutes across a membrane
osmosis: equilibrates the concentration of free water
bulk flow: transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism
atmosphere has very negative water potential
soil has water potential near 0
plant vasculature have negative water potential
how forces generated by solutes and pressure contribute to overall water potential
water potential
water potential = solute potential + pressure potential
water moves from high to low water potential/ less negative to more negative
solute potential of pure water is 0, and negative when solutes are present
mechanism by which water moves by negative pressure through plants from soil to air
active transport
pumps across a membrane against a concentration gradient (cost energy, only good for local movement)
osmosis
passive diffusion of water down concentration gradient
bulk flow
movement of fluid due to a difference in pressure between two locations (spontaneous, works for long distance)
how turgor and positive pressure produce stomatal and phloem sap dynamics
physical constraint: cellulose fibers allow guard cells to expand more lengthwise than widthwise when turgid
active transport and osmosis: K+ moves into guard cells, lowering the water potential. Entry of water causes turgor pressure (positive pressure potential)
Lecture 9 Plant Growth: Roots
Functions of main cells types of plant