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Lectures 8-11 - Coggle Diagram
Lectures 8-11
Plant Organization - Cells and Tissues (Lecture 8)
types of fruits
simple: a fruit derived from one flower with one (or a few fused) carpels
multiple: a fruit derived from many carpels from many flowers in an inflorescence
aggregate: a fruit derived from many separate carpels on one flower
accessory fruit: a fruit largely derived from tissues other than the ovary (ex. apple)
monocot vs. eudicot seedlings
monocots: 1. radicle (embryonic root) emerges from seed coat 2. hypocotyl and cotyledon remain within seed 3. epicotyl emerges from seed coat protected by the coleoptile 4. shoot breaks through coleoptile, foliage unfolds
dicots: 1. radicle emerges from seed coat, RAM drives downward growth 2. hypocotyl emerges in "
apical hook
" 3. hook straightens, SAM drives upward shoot growth
plant organs and their origins in meristems and primary growth
meristems (SAM and RAM): centers of cell division at tips
roots
stem
nodes: where appendages come off
internodes: between nodes
branches: stems developed from axillary buds that grow from axils
leaf
blade
petiole: supports blade
tissue types
dermal tissue: covers, protects
vascular tissue: transports water, minerals, sugars
ground tissue: other
cell types
parenchyma: alive, performs photosynthesis, starch storage, water movement
collenchyma: alive, thick cell walls, structural
sclerenchyma: lignin embedded in very thick cell walls, support, mostly dead
sclereids
fibers
vascular tissue cell types
xylem: conducts water and minerals upwards
tracheids: dead, narrow, water moves laterally by pits
vessel elements: wider, open end to end
phloem:living cells, transports sugars and nutrients
sieve tube elements connect end to end, pores = sieve plates
companion cells: connected to sieve tube elements, plasmodesmata pass sugars, nutrients to them to keep them alive
epidermis cell types
leaf epidermis
pavement cells: protective
guard cells: regulate pore opening/closing
tricomes: hairlike outgrowths, many functions
root hairs: increase surface area for absorption
water/nutrient transport
Plant Growth (Lecture 9/10)
roots: organs that function in anchorage, support, absorption of water and minerals, symbiosis with soil microbes, storage
development
monocots: fibrous roots, no branch predominates
eudicots: taproot with lateral branches
shoots
Plant Water Relations (Lecture 11)