Flowers and Reproduction 
Concepts
Reproduction
Producing offsprings
Identical copies of parental genes
Generating new individuals
Genetically different from the parents
Types
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Flowers
Contains reproducing parts
Seeds
Produced by sexual reproduction
Asexual Reproduction 
Occures within angiosperms
Fragmentation
Numerous methods of asexual reproduction
A large spreading or vining plants
Individual parts
Becomes self-sufficient
By establishing adventitious roots
Fertilization
Endosperm nuclues
Double fertilization #
Karyogamy
Endosperm
Plasmogamy
Embryo and seed development
Short axis
Albuminous seed
Cotyledens
exalbuminous seed
Suspencer
Seed coat
Pushes embryo deep into endosperm
Cotyledon primordia
Heart shape embryo
Radicle
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Flower Structure and Cross Pollination
Fruit development
Ovule
Seed
Ovary
Fruit
Three layers
Mesocarp
Endocarp
Exocarp
Sexual reproduction
The Plant Life Cycle
Flower Structure
Gametophyte
Humans #
Simple
Gametes
Zygote
Sperms
Eggs
Complex
Sporophyte phase
Gametophyte
Alternation of generation
Heteromorphic generation
Sporophyte generation
Sporophyte
Diploid
in plant no syngamy
Mammalian gametes
Microgametes
Megagametes
Microgametophyte
Megagametophyte
Microspores
Megaspores
Never becomes woody
No secondary growth
Similar to vegetative shoot
Pedicel
Stem with leaflike structure
Receptacle
Complete flowers
Incomplete flowers
Stalk
Floral appendages
Petals
Stamens
Sepals
Carpels
Uppermost
Calyx
Lowermost
Corolla
Perianth
Filament
Anther
Androecium
Microspore mother cells
Microsporocytes
Tapetum
Pollen
Gynoecium
Three parts
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Placentae
Ovules #
Nucellus
Megaspore mother cells
Megasporocytes
Microgametophyte
Megagametophye
Generative cell
Pollen tube
Vegetative cell
Polar nuclei
Antipodal cells
Central cell
Egg apparatus
Embryo sac
Two
Three
Two synergid
An egg
Stigma and Pollen incompatibility
Stamen and style maturation time
Monoeciuos and Dioecious species
Self-pollination
Animal
Cross-pollination 
Wind-pollinted flower
Pollination of a carpl by pollen from a diffferent individual
Within same flower or another flower or the same plant
Compatibility barriers
Essential organs
Imperfect flowers
Monoecy
Perfect flowers
Dioecy
Non-essential organs
Stemens
Carpels
Sepals
Petals
Dioecious
Monoecious
Pollinated flowers
Coevolution
Zygomorphic
Actinomorphic
regular
Bilaterally symmetrical
Transfer of pollens by wind
Ovary Position
Superior ovary
Half-inferior
Inferior ovary
epigynous
Hypogynous
Perigynous
Inflorescences and Pollination 
Inflorescences
Two arrengements
Collective visual signal #
To pollinators
Determinate inflorescences
Indeterminate inflorescences
Fruit types and seed Dispersed
True fruits and accessory fruits
Classification of fruit types
Simple fruit
Aggregate fruit
Accessory fruit
Multiple fruit
True fruit
Only ovarian tisssues
Non- ovarian tissue
Single ovary
Fused ovaries of one flower
Fleshy
Compound fruits 
Dry
Dehiscent
Seed development
Attract pollinators helps in cross pollination
Humans gametes haploid so no alternation of generation
double fertilization involves egg and polar nuclei