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Flowers and Reproduction - Coggle Diagram

- - - - common
        
        adventitious roots
        
        different plant parts can live separately
        
        cacti is an example
        
        willows and thistles
        
        adventitious bud shoots
        
        parent can be alive at the same time
        
        aspens
        
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- - - - diploid adults
        
        haploid gametes
        
        sperm or egg
        
        meiosis
        
        single cell diploid zygote
    - - sporophyte phase and sporophyte generation
        
        sporophytes always diploid
        
        undergo meiosis
        
        gametes fuse during syngamy or fertilization
        
        spores are opposite
        
        spores cannot undergo syngamy
        
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    - - stem with leaflike structures
        
        flowers do not become woody
        
        secondary growth does not occur
        
        the stalk is the pedicel
        
        where the other flower parts attach is the receptacle
        
        floral appendages
        
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      - sepals
        
        lowermost, outermost floral appendages
        
        modified leaves that surround
        
        thickest, toughest, waxiest flower parts
        
        protects the flower bud
        
        form calyx
      - petals
        
        above sepals
        
        on receptacle
        
        make up the corolla
        
        sepals and petals form perianth
        
        leaflike, broad and flat
        
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      - stamens
        
        above petals
        
        "male" parts
        
        produce pollen
        
        not male bc spore producing part of plant
        
        filament and anther
        
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      - carpels
        
        constitute the gynoecium
        
        highest level on receptacle
        
        stigma catches pollen grains
        
        style elevates stigma to useful position
        
        ovary where megaspores are produced
        
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    - - Microgametophytes
        
        develop from microspores
        
        in angiosperms, very small and simple
        
        nucellus divides mitotically
        
        large vegetative cell and small lens-shaped generative cell
        
        pollen lands on a stigma
        
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      - Megagametophyte
        
        develops from megaspore
        
        three mitotic divisions
        
        2,4,8 1n nuclei in a single undivided cell
        
        embryo sac
        
        central cell with two polar nuclei
        
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    - - syngamy of sperm and egg
        
        plasmogamy fusion and karyogamy fusion
        
        pollen tube bursts
        
        both sperm cells migrate
        
        penetrate nucellus and reach egg
        
        migrates through synergid
        
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    - - zygote grows as endosperm nucleus proliferates
        
        suspensor pushes embryo deep into endosperm
        
        delicate
        
        two cotyledons
        
        "dicot"
        
        radicle (embryonic root), epicotyl (embryonic stem), hypocotyl (root/shoot junction)
        
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    - - ovary matures into a fruit
        
        exocarp, outer layer, peel or skin
        
        mesocarp, flesh
        
        endocarp, stones or pit
        
        pericarp
- - - - self-pollination
        
        pollination of carpel from same individual
        
        genetic diversity
        
        decrease self-pollination
  - - - anthers and stigma mature at different times
        
        pollen release when stigma immature
  - - - chemical reactions test compatibiility
        
        prevent pollination
  - - - produce critically important spores
        
        one missing, imperfect flowers
        
        perfect flower has both
        
        sepals and petals
        
        nonessential organs
        
        dioecy
        
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  - - - change in pigments became adaptive
        
        coevolution
        
        flower and insect evolve to help each other
        
        actinomorphic, regular
        
        zygomorphic
        
        most relations are a battle
  - - - sepals are often reduced
        
        stigmatic surface area
  - - - inferior ovary, other parts epigynous
        
        superior ovary, hypogynous parts
        
        half-inferior with perigynours flower parts
- - - - inflorescence
        
        collective visual signal to pollinators
        
        large flowers produce more nectar
        
        determinative inflorescences
        
        indeterminate inflorescences
- - - - true fruits contain only ovarian tissue
        
        accessory fruit non-ovarian tissue present
        
        simple fruit, single ovary
        
        aggregate fruit, fusion of separate carpels
        
        multiple fruit, figs
    - - dry or fleshy fruit
        
        dry fruit is not eaten by animals normally
        
        dehiscent fruits break open and release seeds
        
        indehiscent fruits do not
        
        mostly fleshy fruits are indehiscent
        
        simple fruit of grasses
        
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