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carbon and water - Coggle Diagram

- - - - e.g. water cycle stores - atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere
  - - - e.g. an increase in co2 ---- increases oceanic temps ---- warm water less able to absorb co2, dissolved co2 released back into the atmosphere ---- more co2 in atmosphere ---- increase in co2 etc.
    - - e.g. increased use of fossil fuels increases atmospheric co2 ---- global temps increase ---- plant growth increases ---- increased uptake of co2 ---- reduces atmospheric co2 ---- dampening effect reduces global temps
- - - - requires energy provided by the sun and wind
      - rate of evaporation depends on:
        
        amount of solar energy
        
        availability of water (e.g. more evaporation occurs from a pond than in a grassy field)
        
        humidity of the air; closer air is to saturation point, the slower the rate of evaporation
        
        temp of air; warmer air holds more water vapour
      - evapotranspiration - the sum of evaporation and transpiration from surface area to the atmosphere
        
        transpiration - how plants lose their water, water transferred from roots to leaves and exits via the pores on the leaf surface
      - as water evaporates, it cools the surroundings by using energy - latent heat
    - - occurs as air cools because it's capacity to hold water vapour decreases
      - dew point temperature - the temp that air would have to reach in order for it to become saturated
        
        excess water is then converted to liquid water through condensation
      - condensation is the cause of all forms of precipitation
        
        rain
        
        water molecules accumulate around a condensation core/nuclei (e.g. dust, smoke) as they move around a cloud
        
        once heavy enough to overcome rising thermal currents they fall as raindrops
        
        snow
        
        ice crystals form in clouds and have a condensation nucleus of sand or dust
        
        waft around and merge w/ each other to form larger flakes
        
        in low-moisture conditions they remain small and form 'dry' snow
        
        in high-moisture conditions they can melt around the edges and freeze to other crystals forming larger ones
        
        sleet
        
        falling mix of snow and rain
        
        starts off as snow but then melts as it falls through warmer air
        
        hail
        
        frozen raindrops
        
        form in high-altitude clouds where raindrops freeze
        
        great turbulence in clouds allows water to accumulate and freeze in layers
        
        drizzle
        
        finer rain of less than 0.5mm in size
        
        form under less turbulent conditions than rain
        
        has to overcome weaker thermal currents
        
        usually falls from moisture-heavy low-level clouds
        
        mist
        
        individual droplets that are too small to fall and are held in suspension by wafting air currents
    - - cloud - visible mass of water droplets/ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere
      - result of air in the lower layers of the atmosphere becoming saturated due to either or both of two processes...
        
        cooling of air
        
        increase in water vapour