Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation
a large spreading or vining plant grows to several meter in length and individual parts become self-sufficient by establishing adventitious roots.
Sexual Reproduction
The Plant Life Cycle
Seeds
produced by sexual reproduction, often have a means of long-distance dispersal.
Gametes
diploid adults have sex organs that produce haploid sex cells.
Sperm
Eggs
Zygote
a new single diploid cell, that is a fertilized egg.
Microgametes
small sperm cells.
Megametes
large eggs.
Sporophyte Phase
one phase of the plant life cycle**
Sporophytes
are always diploid and have organs in the angiosperm.
Spores
plants contain haploid spores
Syngamy (Fertilization)
gametes fuse with other gametes**
Gametophyte
does not undergo syngamy, but undergoes mitosis and grows into an entire new haploid plant.
Microgametophytes
sperm are produced by one individual while eggs are produced by another.
Megagametophytes
female gametophytes
Megapores
one of the two types of spores that grow megameophytes.
Microspores
one of the two types of spores that grow microgametophytes.
Alternation of Generations
a life cycle with two generations
Heteromorphic Generations
do not resemble sporophytes at all .This a complex life cycle.
Flower Structure
Pedicel
the flower stalk.
Receptacle
attachment site of other flower parts are attached.
Complete Flowers
have four types of floral appendages.
Incomplete Flowers
it is not uncommon for flowers of certain species to lack one or two basic floral appendages.
Sepals
are the lowermost and outermost of the four floral appendages.
Petals
Above the sepals on the receptacle.
Corolla
sepals and petals together.
Perianth
Sepals and petals constituted together.
Stamens
located above the petals known as the androecium.
Filament
the stalk of the stamen.
Anther
where pollen is produced.
Microsporocytes
continue to enlarge then undergo meiosis each producing four microspores.
Tapetum
act as nurse cells, contributing to microspore development and maturation.
Pollen
microspore separation and expansion, which then forms a resistant wall.
Carpels
constitute the gynoecium.
Gynoecium
located at the highest level on the receptacle.
Stigma
catches pollen grains.
Style
elevates the stigma to a useful position.
Ovary
where megaspores are produced.
Placentae
inside the ovary
Ovules
located inside the placentae.
Nucellus
the central mass of parenchyma
Megasporocytes
nucellus cells enlarge in preparation for meiosis.
Microgametophyte
Vegetative Cell
when the microspore divides mitotically
Generative Cell
small lens shaped cells, which divides subsequently divides and forms two sperm cells.
Pollen Tube
germination pollen grain that lands on a stigma.
Megagametophyte
Embryo Sac
multinucleate megagametophyte.
Central Cell
part of what composes the seven cells.
Polar Nuclei
2 polar nuclei compose the seven cells.
Antipodal Cells
3 antipodal cells compose the seven cells.
Egg Apparatus
1 egg apparatus composes the seven cells.
Synergids
2 synergids compose the seven cells.
Fertilization
Plasmogamy
fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes.
Karyogamy
fusion of the nuclei.
Endosperm Nucleus
contains 3 full sets of genes.
Double Fertilization
one fusion with the egg nucleus and the other with the polar nuclei.
Endosperm
all of this tissue, both coenocytic and cellular. nourishment and development of the zygote.
Suspensor
pushes the embryo deep into the endosperm.
Cotyledons
the end of the embryo farther for the suspensor
Radicle
embryonic root
Epicotyl
embryonic stem.
Hypocotyl
the root/shoot junction.
Albuminous Seed
a mature seed in which endosperm is abundant.
Exalbuminous
if endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity.
Fruit Development
Fruit
the ovule turns into a seed, the ovary matures into a seed.
Exocarp
is the outer layer-- the skin or peel.
Mesocarp
the middle layer.
Endocarp
the innermost layer..
Pericarp
the entire fruit wall.
Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination
Cross Pollination
the pollination of a carpel by pollen from a different individual
Self Pollination
pollination of a carpel by pollen from the same flower.
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibility
Compatibility Barriers
chemical reactions between pollen and capels that prevents pollen growth.
Monoecious and Dioecious species
Essential Organs
produce critically important spores.
Imperfect Flowers
flowers that lack either one or both essential organs.
Perfect Flower
if a flower has both essential organs.
Non Essential Organs
sepals and petals that do not produce spores.
Dioecy
a species that may produce only carpellate flowers.
Dioecious
the species that does this process.
Monoecy
is the condition of having staminate flowers located on the same plant as carpellate flowers.
Monoecious
species include cattails and carpellate flowers.
Coevolution
a flower becoming adapted for visitation by a particular insect and the insect for efficient exploitation of the flower.
Actinomorphic
flowers that when cut in half are two mirror images of each other.
Zygomorphic
flowers and pollinators have coevolved in such a way that the flowers are now bilaterally symmetrical.
Inferior Ovary
result in receptacle tissue growing upward around the ovary.
Superior Ovary
no fusion to the ovaries occur and the ovary is obviously above the flower parts.
Half-interior
partially buried ovaries.
Perigynous
flower parts.
Inflorescences and Pollination
Inflorescence
many flowers are grouped together.
Determinate inflorescences
limited potential for growth because the inflorescence ape is converted to a flower.
Indeterminate inflorescences
the lowest or outermost flowers open first.
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
True Fruit
is used to refer to fruits containing only ovarian tissue.
Accessory fruit
false fruit is used if any nonovarian tissue is present
Simple Fruit
the most common fruit. where the fruit develops from a single ovary or the fused ovaries of one flower.
Aggregate Fruit
if the separate carpels of one gynoecium fuse during development.
Multiple Fruit
if development of all the individual fruit of an inflorescence fuse into one fruit.
Dehiscent Fruits
break open and release the seeds.
Indehiscent Fruits
do not break open and release seeds.
