Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

CHEMISTRY: CHEMICAL REACTIONS, Reactants Fe = 1 H = 2 O…

- - - - Charge: negatively charged particles
      - Location: orbiting around the nucleus
      - Symbol: e-
      - Mass: 0 amu (atomic mass unit)
    - - Charge: positively charged particles
      - Location: found in the nucleus
      - Symbol: p+
      - Mass: 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
    - - Charge: neutral particles
      - Location: found in the nucleus
      - Mass: 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
      - Symbol: n0
  - - - matter that is composed solely of one type of atom.
    - - The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties & identity of the element.
        
        protons
        
        electrons
        
        neutrons
      - Most of an atom is empty “space”.
    - - center of the atom.
      - Most of the mass of an atom is found in the nucleus.
      - very compact and holds the largest mass
      - the densest part of an atom.
      - Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus
    - - The empty space surrounding the nucleus contains electron shells or orbitals.
        
        Electrons are found moving quickly through this “space” in distinctive orbitals related to the amount of energy they contain.
  - - - the positively charged nucleus must be balanced out by the negatively charged “empty space” which contains the electron shells or orbitals.
  - - - The number of protons is what makes an atom a certain element.
      - e.g. Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. This means it has 8 protons. If you could somehow add a proton to the nucleus it would become fluorine, because fluorine has an atomic number of 9.
    - - the periodic tableis arranged in order by increasing atomic number.
  - - - i.e. If you weighed yourself and then pulled out a piece of hair you would not need to re-weigh yourself because the weight of that one piece of hair is negligible when compared to the rest of you.
    - - Different atoms of an element can have different numbers of neutrons.
        
        Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
      - Mass Number
        
        the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
      - Atomic Mass
        
        he average of all the isotopes.
- - - - 2nd shell= Maximum of 8 electrons
      - 3rd shell = Maximum of 8 electrons
      - 1st shell = Maximum of 2 electrons
  - - - It is these electrons, which largely determine the chemical properties of an element.
  - - - The element symbol is in the centre of the diagram.
      - The number of electrons is the same as the atomic number
      - Different atoms will have a different number of shells.
      - You may only draw 2 dots on any one side of a symbol.
  - - - The element symbol is in the centre of the diagram.
      - You may only draw 2 dots on any one side of a symbol.
      - Lewis-Dot diagrams show only the valence electrons.
- - - - This system is used by scientists to comunicate
  - - - Horizontal rows (numbered 1 – 7)
      - Elements have the same number of electron shells
    - - Vertical columns (numbered 1 – 18)
      - Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties
      - Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons
    - - Separates metals and nonmetals
    - - Left side of staircase
    - - Right side of staircase
    - - Directly surrounding staircase
  - - - most reactive metals
      - 1 valence electron
      - Group 1
    - - very reactive metals
      - 2 valence electrons
      - Group 2
    - - most common metals
      - Groups 3 – 12
    - - most reactive nonmetals
      - 7 valence electrons
      - Group 17
    - - Full valence shell
      - 8 valence electrons
      - very stable (not reactive)
      - Group 18
- - - - formed between a metal cation and a nonmetal anion.
        
        To name an ionic compound
        
        Nitrogen → Nitride Oxygen → Oxide
        
        Anion (nonmetal) is always written last (same as in the formula). The anion changes its ending to ~ide
        
        Cation (metal) is always written first (same as in the formula). The cation name stays the same.
        
        Writing a Formula of a Simple Binary Ionic Compound:
        
        Drop the positive and negative signs
        
        Write the charge of each element as a superscript
        
        Reduce when possible
        
        Write the symbols of the two elements
        (metal first)
        
        Crisscross the superscripts so that they become subscripts
    - - contains two different elements.
  - - - Nearly all transition metals (Groups 3-12) are able to form more than one possible cation. Meaning they have more than one possible charge.
        
        Stock Method
        
        Roman numerals are used in the name of the transition metal to show the charge.
        
        Writing a Formula of a Multivalent Ionic Compound:
        
        Name the metal (cation) first
        
        Add roman numerals after the name of the metal to indicate its charge
        
        Determine the charge of the cation (metal) from the anion
        
        Name the nonmetal, changing the ending to ~ide.
        
        TiF3 = Titanium (III) Fluoride
  - - - Ternary Ionic Compounds
        
        Compounds that contain more than two elements. the first element will usually be a metal, while the second is a set of elements called polyatomic ions.
      - Polyatomic Ions
        
        Covalent molecules with a charge. They behave as if they were a one-atom ion. they can participate in forming ionic bonds.
        
        Writing a Formula
        
        Write the charges of each as a superscript
        
        Write the symbols of the element and the polyatomic ion
        
        Drop the positive and negative signs
        
        Crisscross the superscripts so that they become subscripts. Use brackets around the polyatomic ion if there is a subscript.
        
        Reduce when possible
        
        Mg+2 + SO4-2 → MgSO4
        
        if you have more than one specific polyatomic ion in a formula you must encase it in brackets.
        Mg+2 + 2OH- → Mg(OH)2
- - - - When naming molecular compounds prefixes are often used before the each atom’s name to indicate the number of atoms in the molecule.
      - Write the most metallic atom (farthest left) first
      - Add -ide to the end of the second atom’s name
      - N2H4 - dinitrogen tetrahydride
      - If there is only one atom of the element at the beginning of the compound, the prefix “mono” is dropped.
      - Many nonmetal compounds can share electrons in a variety of ratios. DO NOT reduce the subscripts to the lowest ratio - the true ratio is very important to the compound!
- - - - Reactants
        
        the substances that undergo a chemical reaction
      - Products
        
        the substances formed from a chemical reaction
    - - Skeleton Equation
        
        H2 + O2 → H2O
      - Balanced Chemical Equation
        
        2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
      - Word Equation:
        
        hydrogen + oxygen → water
      - Chemical Equation
    - - Single Replacement/Displacement
      - Double Replacement/Displacement
      - Decomposition
      - Combustion
      - Synthesis
      - Neutralization
  - - - Energy-releasing
      - Reactants → Products + Thermal energy
    - - Energy-absorbing
      - Reactants + Thermal energy → Products
- - - - Write abbreviations for the state of each compound if known or given
        
        Fe (s) + H2O (l) → H2 (g) + Fe2O3 (s)
      - Write down the number of atoms per each element that you have on each side of the equation. Look at the subscripts next to each atom to find the number of atoms in the equation.
        
        Fe + H2O → H2 + Fe2O3
      - Write in the symbols for all atoms and ions
        
        Fe + H2O → H2 + Fe2O3
      - Balance the equation by adding coefficients
        
        2Fe (s) + 3H2O (l) → 3H2 (g) + Fe2O3 (s)
  - - - the total mass of reactants is always equal to the total mass of the products.
    - - atoms cannot be created or destroyed. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combined in fixed proportions.
- - - - They have a slippery feel
      - Turn red litmus blue
      - Bitter-tasting compounds
      - pH > 7
      - produces hydroxide ions (OH-)
  - - - Many acids will burn skin
      - Turns blue litmus red
      - pH < 7
      - produces hydrogen ions (H+)
      - Sour taste
  - - - pH indicators change colour based on the solution they are placed in.
        
        Bromothymol blue for pH 6 – 7.6
        
        Phenolphthalein for pH 8.2 – 10
        
        Many natural sources, such as beets and cabbage, are also indicators.
      - Litmus Paper
        
        the most common indicator, and is used on litmus paper.
        
        Blue = basic (pH above 7)
        
        Red = acidic (pH below 7)
  - - - ex: NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20
    - - In many living cells
      - In multivitamins
      - In batteries, explosives and fertilizers
  - - - e.g. The bee stings are acidic in nature, which is why a household remedy for a bee sting is baking soda, which is a basic substance. The wasp stings, on the other hand, are mildly basic, so a household remedy for a wasp sting is vinegar, also known as acetic acid.
    - - HX + BOH → BX + H2O acid + base → salt + water
      - The neutralization of a strong acid and a strong base results in a solution that has a pH of 7, which is a neutral substance.

  Products       
    Fe = 2             
    H = 6                  O = 3