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Disorders and Treatment, WHAT ARE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS?, ANXIETY…

- - - - SPECIFIC PHOBIAS
      - Aerophobia : Fear of flying
      - Acrophobia : Heights
      - Arachnophobia : Spiders
      - Claustrophobia : Small spaces
      - Hematophobia : Blood
      - Ophidiophobia : Snakes
      - Topophobia : Injections
      - Xenophobia : Strangers
- - - - During the medieval era, abnormal behaviors were viewed as sign that a person possessed by demons and they were treated with things like exorcisms by religious figures
        
        Another form of treatment was trephining where a small hole was made in the skull to release spirits from the body
        
        Most people who had strange behaviors were misunderstood and treated cruelly
        
        Another myth that was perpetuated was that some people made pacts with Satan and did horrible things and these people were called witches
        
        Asylums were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders,
        
        Rather than treating their disorders, asylums were focused on ostracizing people with these issues
        
        Pinel believed the mentally ill deserved more humane treatment and he was right, after being unchained and treated humanely, patients were able to get well enough to leave the hospital
        
        it used to be believed that mental illness was caused by demonic possession since early beliefs attributed all unexplainable things to deities
    - - Dix fought for mental health care and to reform the system that was underfunded and unregulated that perpetuated abuse of the mentally ill
        
        Treatments during the early to mid 20th century (1940’s) included submerging patients in cold baths and using electroshock therapy which uses an electric stimulus to produce a generalized seizure ⇒ Still used but with safeguards and anaesthesia
        
        Some asylums were very filthy and cold, so cold that a glass of water could be frozen by morning
        
        Antipsychotic medications began in 1954 but became more popular in the 60’s and were very helpful in controlling the symptoms of some psychological disorders
        
        Psychosis was a common diagnosis that was given to people who were experiencing hallucinations and delusions, which meant a loss of contact with reality
        
        1963 : congress passed the Mental R*ation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act ⇒ Provided support and funding on the federal level for community mental health centers
        
        Started the process of deinstitutionalization by closing large asylums and providing care for people to be able to stay in their communities and being treated locally
        
        1955: 558,239 severely mentally ill patients institutionalized at public hospitals ⇒ 1994 : 92% fewer hospitalized individuals
    - - Today, there are community mental health centers across the nation. They are located in neighborhoods near the homes of clients, and they provide large numbers of people with mental health services of various kinds and for many kinds of problems.
        
        After deinstitutionalization lots of people were meant to go to the new centers but the system wasn’t set up the right way and centers were under funded
        
        The staff was not trained well enough to handle severe illness, high staff burnout, and there wasn’t provision of housing, food, and job training.
        
        Since there wasn’t enough support, lots of people were left on the streets and even today about 26% of the homeless population in shelters has mental illness
        
        About 705,600 people who are incarcerated in the state prison system are also mentally ill and for the federal prison system it was another 78,800 and another 479,000 in local jails
        
        Instead of asylums, now we have psychiatric hospitals run by states governments and local community hospitals that are focused on short term care
        
        Involuntary treatment : therapy that is not the patient’s choice
        
        Voluntary treatment : the person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms
- - - - According to The American Psychiatric Association a psychological disorder consists of :
        
        Significant disturbance in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
        
        Disturbance that reflects some kind of biological psychological or developmental dysfunction
        
        The disturbance leads to significant distress or disability in an individual’s life
        
        The disturbance does not reflect the culturally approved behaviors or responses to certain events
- - - - Agoraphobia : (literally meaning fear of the marketplace) characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situation in which it would be difficult to escape/receive help when experiencing panic attack symptoms
      - This is a phobia that is listed as a different anxiety disorder, separate from specific phobia(s)
      - Avoid situations with lots of people
      - 14% of U.S. population experiences agoraphobia
- - - - Some Phobias:
        
        Xenophobia : Strangers
        
        Topophobia : Injections
        
        Ophidiophobia : Snakes
        
        Hematophobia : Blood
        
        Claustrophobia : Spiders
        
        Arachnophobia : Flying
        
        Acrophobia : Flying
        
        Aerophobia : Fear of flying