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3 Neurobiology of addiction part 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Anxiety and depression, guilt (guilt about money spent that should have been used elsewhere or money that was meant for other people etc.), suicidal thoughts, impulsive risk taking, high stress, dysfunctional coping strategies, loss of behavioural control, a cognitive preoccupation with gambling (this is things like craving), and helplessness
      - Interpersonal issues
      - Financial problems
      - Legal problems
      - Gambling is a big individual problem and societal problem
    - - Softening of public attitudes, more acceptance, handy source of revenue, shift from in-person gambling to online gambling
      - 48% adults gambled in some form in the past 4 weeks, 17% gambled online in past 4 weeks, typical gender effects, problem gambling rate is 0.7% w/ 5.5% seen as having low to moderate risk
      - 78% think there's too many opportunities to gamble, lots of betting venues in lower SES areas
    - - Enhanced dopaminergic functioning
      - Deficits in ventromedial PFC - fruit machine task when people get monetray reward, the ventral striatum and NA is activated which is the same areas that drugs activate
      - During a near miss, there's activation in ventral striatum - triggers wanting mechanisms and motivates us to carry on - this is like when drug abusers see drug-cues and think they've gotten so close to the drug, which triggers reward pathways (ventral striatum) and this triggers wanting mechanisms
      - These near misses make individuals think they have cognitive control, if they try a bit harder they'll win, but gambling isn't a game of skill, yet this perpetuates gambling behaviour - study where pps were allowed to choose the symbol vs. computer chosen
  - - - Gaming has changed within the past 20 years, can play games wherever, ICD-11 has gaming problems, but DSM-5 has it in section 3 and it's a merging between gaming and normal social media
      - It's hard to get accurate figures of problem gaming in the population - lots of diff measures, diff diagnostic criterias, refer to diff gaming experience, diff video gaming platforms - but prevalence is around 6%, In Norway, 1.41% was addicted to gaming, 7.3% were at-risk
      - Partial reinforcement schedules of video gaming is better to get the person playing for a longer time
      - There's a big social element/social bonding with video gaming - also gambling and gaming can come together which is another problem in itself
    - - Did a cue reactivity paradigm & measured fMRI - found higher activation in right orbitofrontal cortex & the nucleus accumbens & the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - these are similar activation patterns for drug use.
      - Problem gamers also have hypo-functioning reward system when shown non-gaming rewards - this is same as substance abusers who have long-term hypo-functioning of dopaminergic systems