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B.A. - Chapter 1 Management - Coggle Diagram
B.A. - Chapter 1 Management
Definitions
“Management is the art of getting things done through others and with formally organized groups.” -
Harold Koontz
“Management Is a distinct process consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling; utilizing in each both science and art, and followed in order to accomplish predetermined objectives.”
- George R. Terry
“Management is the process by which a co-operative group directs actions towards common goals.”
- Massie & Douglas
Management
Management as an activity
Interpersonal activities
Divisional Activities
Informative Activities
Management as a process (Interrelated activities)
Social Process
Integrated Process
Continuous Process
Interactive Process
Management as an academic discipline
Principles
Practices
Management as a group
Group of personnel who manage the affairs of an organization.
Characteristics of Management
Management is universal:
Principles of management have universal application. They can be modified and applied as per the situation.
Management is goal-oriented:
Management must ensure the efficient use of human, physical and financial resources to meet targets and achieve organizational goals.
Management is an intangible force:
While management cannot be seen or touched, its results can be seen through goal fulfilment, satisfied employees, orderliness, etc.
Management is pervasive (omni-present):
It is a necessary part of every organization and it is found everywhere in all types of organizations.
Management is a continuous process:
Management never ends. Managers keep planning, organizing, staffing, directing & controlling all the time.
Management is a dynamic function:
Management has to change and adapt to the changing external environment and growth of the organization.
Management is multidimensional:
It includes management of work, management of people and management of operations.
Importance of Management
Determination of objectives:
Management helps identify and define an organization's secondary objective which is to be communicated to people working in the organization.
Achievement of the objectives:
Management helps achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently through a combination of material and human resources.
Efficient use of resources:
Minimizes wastage of human, material and financial resources through proper planning and control.
Encourages innovation:
Managers encourage innovation to bring about new ideas, methods, products and to give the organization a competitive edge.
Personal objectives:
Satisfaction of the financial and social needs of the employees. Through motivation and direction, management leads individuals to achieve personal as well as organizational goals.
Economic development:
Promotes economic growth in society by the production of good quality goods and services, creating jobs and adopting new technology.
Creates dynamic organization:
Helps employees adapt to change as per the dynamic business environment ensuring its survival and growth.
Functions of Management
Planning:
It involves defining jobs, establishing strategies for achieving those goals & developing plans to integrate & coordinate activities.
Organising:
Involves arranging & structuring work to accomplish the organization goals.
Staffing:
Involves manning the organization structure through proper & effective selection.
Directing:
Involves influencing, guiding, supervising & motivating the subordinates.
Controlling:
Involves monitoring, comparing & correcting work performance. Planning and controlling are closely related.
Levels of Management
Top Level Management
This is a small group of senior executives who constitute the highest level of management hierarchy. They have the maximum authority and establish the goals and policies of an enterprise.
Functions:
Define objectives of the enterprise.
Prepare strategic plans and policies for the enterprise.
Assign jobs to middle level management.
Arrange funds for daily activities.
Ensure survival and growth of the organization.
Act as a liaison to the outside world. Ex. government, suppliers, media, public etc.
Reviews performance and controls departmental activity.
Middle level management
(Execution level)
They are the department heads, responsible to the top management, ensure the efficient functioning of the department and the carrying out of all plans and policies formulated by the top level management.
Functions:
Bridge top and lower level management.
Organize resources and activities of the department.
Execute & implement the plans and policies of the top level management.
Select, appoint & train employees of their department. (Staffing)
Evaluating and preparing appraisal reports of their subordinates.
Offer incentives to employees for good (productive) performance.
Lower level management
(Operational / Supervisory Management)
They are directly concerned about the performance of the operative employees. Limited authority and responsibility.
Functions
To represent the grievances of their subordinates to middle level management.
Plan and organize activities of their unit.
Train workers.
Maintain good working conditions and a healthy work environment.
Communicate with workers.
Maintain discipline among workers.
Maintain quality, ensure steady output and minimize wastage.
Administration
“Administration means guidance, leadership & control of the efforts of the groups towards some common goal”
- Newman
Administration includes the formulation of objectives, plans, policies
of the organization.
It is more relevant at the top level.