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PHONETICS, The study of human speech sounds (actual physical sounds),…

- - - - Consonant sounds
        
        Places of Articulation
        
        The part of vocal tract at which constriction occurs (airflow restriction)
        
        Constriction due to movement of tongue & lips, reshaping oral cavity to produce various sounds
        
        Bilabials
        
        sounds made with the lips
        
        consonants produced by creating closure with both lips
        
        eg, [p], [b], [m]
        
        Labiodentals
        
        consonants produced by raising the lower lip to the upper teeth
        
        eg, [f], [v]
        
        Interdentals (Lingue-dental)
        
        sounds formed by inserting the tongue tip between the teeth
        
        some speakers, tongue merely touches behind the teeth, making sound more correctly called dental
        
        Alveolars
        
        sounds formed with the front part of the tongue (tongue tip) raised in various ways on the alveolar ridge
        
        Palatals
        
        Sounds produced by raising the front part of tongue to the palate region
        
        Velars
        
        sounds produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum
        
        Uvulars
        
        sounds produced by raising the back of the tongue to uvula
        
        don't ordinarily occur in English
        
        eg, merci (French) - [R]
        
        Glottals [h]
        
        sound produced in the larynx, from the flow of air through open glottis
        
        glottal fricative
        
        sound of [h] is from the flow of air tthrough the open glottis, and past the tongue and lips as they prepared to pronounce a vowel sound
        
        glottal stop
        
        when air stopped completely at glottis by tightly closed vocal cords, the sound produced upon release of the cords
        
        Manner of Articulation
        
        The way the airstream is obstructed
        
        blocked or partially obstructed (oral/nasal)
        
        vibration or no vibration of vocal cords (voiced/voiceless)
        
        Stops (Plosives)`
        
        closure of lips, then air exploding out of mouth
        
        airstream is completely blocked in the oral
        
        cavity for a short period (tens of milliseconds)
        
        Fricatives
        
        Almost blocking the airstream and having the air push through the very narrow opening (forced airstream becomes turbulent & causing frication - hissing sound
        
        Labiodental fricatives
        
        Interdental fricatives
        
        Alveolar fricatives
        
        Palatal fricatives
        
        Affricates
        
        a sequence of a stop followed by a fricative (*obstructed release which causes some friction)
        
        Glides
        
        produced with the tongue in motion (gliding) to or from the position of a vowel
        
        Little obstruction of airstream
        
        Transitional sounds
        
        Liquids
        
        formed by letting the airstream flow around the sides of the tongue and as the tip of the tongue makes contact with the middle of alveolar ridge
        
        Approximants
        
        Articulators approximate a
        frictional closeness,
        but no actual friction occurs
        
        Lateral
        
        Central
      - Vowel Sounds
        
        Produced with no significant blockage of air as it is pushed out of the lungs
- - - - Upper part of Vocal Tract
        
        Mouth - Oral Cavity & Nose - Nasal Cavity
        
        Pharynx - Tubular part of the throat above larynx
        
        Opening between vocal cords - glottis (located in larynx)
        
        Pushing lung air through vocal cords, up the throat, into the mouth or nose, and finally out of your body