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History
WWII in Europe
Start of war in Europe
- 23rd August 1939 - Molotov Ribbentrop Pact signed
- September 1st 1939 - Hitler invades Poland
- End of September German's army had control over Poland
- In November, Stalin (Russian men) invaded Poland
- Germany won largely thanks to a tactic known as blitzkriey which means lightning war
Western Front
- Fall of 1939 to spring of 1940, war in Europe was known as the phoney war
- Attacks began May 1940, Germany went through the low countries to France
- By June allied forces are evacuated from French town to England
- Southern parts of France was controlled by a puppet government
Battle of Britain
- 'Operation sea lowe'
- August 1940 Germans began bombing Southern England
- Hitler hoped England would accept German domination of Europe
- Postpones invasion until British air force could be destroyed
The Blitz
- In September, Germans begin the blitz and shifted under their bombings to London and abandon invasion
- Between September 1940 - May 1941, 2 million houses were destroyed and 60000 civilians were killed
Eastern Front
- Operation barbarossa
- Attacks began June 22nd 1941 breaking the non-aggression pact
- Stalin did not believe an invasion would occur until 1942 when both England and France would be defeated
Siege of Leningrad
- September 8th 1941 to January 27th 1944
- Civilians turned, dug anti-ditches around the city
- 200000 red army defenders protected 3 million inhabitants
- With help from Finnish, German army invades the 2nd largest city in USSR
- City would be surrounded. Shelling and air raids continued for almost 900 days
In 1942 650000 people died during the Siege
- Soviet offensive in 1944 was able to lift the Siege
Battle of Stalingrad
- Considered turning point in WWII
- Goal to take oil fields and control communication lines, final target to take the city of Baku
- Hitler ordered to 'fight to the last bullet'
- General Von Paulus surrenders 91000 Germans taken as prisoners
- Fought during the winter of 1942 to 1943
- Battle was hand and hand combat, street by street. Over 2 million soldiers involved
- Germans were unable to secure the city by winter
D-Day - June 6, 1944
- November, 1943, Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt met in Teheran to discuss a second front in Europe
- Objective to liberate France
- Largest air, land and sea operations in history
- 2,727 ships sailed to Normandy coast. on the first day, 156,000 men landed along a 60km front to face 50 German divisions
- At the end of the month Allies have secured the beaches and begin offensive to Paris
- Paris is liberated on August 25, 1944
Key Concepts
Continuity and Change
- Historians recognise that over time some things stay the same, while others change
- Aspects of the past that have stayed the same over time are referred as continuity
- Aspects that do not stay the same are referred to as change
Perspective
- Is a point of view
- The position from which people see and understand events going on in the word around them
Cause and Effect
- Cause and effect aims to identify the reasons why events have occurred and the resulting consequences from it
Contestability
- Relates to explanations or interpretations of past events that are open to debate
Evidence - Sources
- Evidence is the information gathered from historical resources
- Primary sources: sources that were created at the time of the event. eg. bones, letters . ect
- Secondary sources: these are reconstructions of the past by people living at a later time. eg. books, articles, films. ect
Empathy
- The ability to 'walk in someone else's shoes' - to be aware of and sensitive to, their feelings, thoughts and experiences
Significance
- Relates to the importance assigned to aspects of the past, such as events, discoveries, people and historical sites
Causes of WWII
Roaring Twenties
- WWI ended 1918
- 1920s : Germany suffered economic downfall because they struggled to meet the terms of the treaty
- For other nations it was a time of great economic prosperity
- America emerged as one of the victors from WWI
The Great Depression
- 1929 October 24 - Black Friday
- Prices of the stock crash
- Affects of the GD were felt around the globe
- Germany was one of the worst affected nations during this time
The Nazi Party
- The National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi)
- Adolf Hitler elected chairman 1921
- The party failed - ringleaders including Hitler, received short prison sentences
The Third Reich
- After coming into power Hitler began to put his beliefs into practise - this period of time was known as The Third Reich
- During this time there was no personal freedom, people were encouraged to report friends, family and neighbours that were suspected of disloyalty, large organised rallies, punishments were severe, Jew's primary targets as well as writers, artists, uni professors and free thinkers were targets
Hitler - rise of power
- After president Hindenburg's death, Hitler combined the roles of chancellor and president
- Hitler's government started implementing many plans and policies
- Start of war
Policy of Appeasement
- After coming into power in 1933 Hitler started to: violate terms of the Treaty of Versailles, increased the size of military, increased the production of weapons and aimed to regain territories taken away from Germany
- The British and France response to these events was to tolerate them, know as the policy of appeasement
Appeasement
- 1938 Hitler took over Austria - France and Britain didn't react
- 1938 Hitler demanded the Sudetenland region in Czechoslovakia be returned to Germany and agreed not to make any further claims on territory in Europe
- 1939 Hitler demanded return of territories in Poland
Aftermath of WWI
End of WWI
- Left many countries across Europe devastated
- After the war ended, in 1918, the world was hit with the Spanish flu pandemic
Treaty of Versailles
- January 1919 the leaders of 32 nations met at the Paris Peace conference to come up with a plan for rebuilding Europe and ensuring ongoing peace
- Conference was dominated by the leaders of the four major powers (Britain, French, America, Italy)
- The treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th of June 1919
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
- Germany was required to surrender large sections of territory and all overseas colonies
- Germany was limited to an army of 100,000 men (mostly volunteers)
- Germany prohibited from an air force, tanks, submarines or heavy artillery
- Germany was required to accept full responsibly for starting the war and pay compensation
- Agreed that Germany should pay 7 billion British pounds
League of Nations
- The league of Nation was an international organisation formed at the Paris Peace conference in 1919
- Main aim was to maintain world peace and prevent outbreak of future wars
- Encouraged countries to negotiate with each other rather than engage in military conflict
- 42 countries joined the LON
- The idea was suggested by the US President Wilson, however the USA didn't join as the American people didn't want to get involved with the European Affairs
Women's role in the war
Australian women before the war
- Before WWII women weren't permitted to serve in the military
- Women maintained a fairly standard lifestyle
- The idea of middle class married women working was frowned upon, as it was perceived as a threat to the jobs of men
Australia women in the war
- As Australia became more involved in the war and the need for men and resources grew higher.
- Women were given more opportunity to take on more
- Women weren't sent overseas to fight, but trained in many home front tasks that servicemen could be freed up to join overseas forces
By the end of the war
- Each of the three Australian military services formed their own women's auxiliary corps:
- Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) - 18500 women
- Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS) - 24000 women
- Women's Royal Australian Navel Services (WRANS) - 2000 women
- Some were involved in traditional men's roles
- They were paid roughly two-thirds of men's pay rates
Kokoda Trail
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What- is a series of interconnected trails or tracks of single-file thoroughfare that runs 96 kilometres in a straight line through the Owen Stanley Range
Historical event
- Kokoda trail campaign was apart of the Pacific War of World War II
- The campaign consisted of a series of battles fought between July and November 1942 in what was then the Australian Territory of Papua
- The Australian Army halted the furthermost southward advance by Japanese forces in Papua New Guinea and then pushed the enemy back across the mountain
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