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Resource Security - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Natural Gas
      - Uranium
      - Coal
      - Solar Energy
      - Crude Oil
      - Wind Energy
      - Hydroelectric Power
    - - Electricity
      - Petrol, diesel, fuel oils, etc.
      - Heat
  - - - Households consume 86% of Mali's energy
      - 78% biomass, 18% fossil fuels, 4% HEP and solar
        
        Why?
        
        There are no coal reserves and oil reserves have not yet been developed
        
        Main energy need is for cooking and heating, for which firewood is the cheapest and most accessible source
        
        Little use for electricity except in urban areas
        
        Mali is a poor country and can't afford to develop much of its energy potential
    - - Iceland is one of the lowest carbon emitters as it only uses fossil fuels for transport
      - Has one of the highest energy consumption per capita of any country in the world
      - 66% geothermal, 15% HEP, 19% fossil fuels
        
        Why?
        
        It is a mountainous country with plentiful water supply, making it suitable for HEP
        
        Iceland is a rich country with a small population, it can afford the technology to harness geothermal energy and HEP
        
        It is sat on a geologically active plate margin so has an abundance of geothermal energy
  - - - Solar Energy
        
        Fog, smog, and air pollution will negatively affect the amount of sunlight received
        
        Solar exposure is better at higher altitudes because air is thinner and scatters less sunlight
        
        Tropical and sub-tropical areas receive the most regular and reliable sunlight
        
        Solar Panels won't operate effectively if covered in layers of snow
        
        Rainfall can corrode components in solar panels
        
        Strong winds can damage solar panels
      - Wind Energy
        
        Wind Speed
        
        Over 50mph will cause most turbines to shut down to protect the turbines from damage
        
        25-35mph is the optimum wind speed
        
        Must at least be 7mph to generate usable power
        
        Turbines receive more energy if the air density is high. Air is more dense at low altitudes, and cold air is more dense than warm air
        
        Wind energy generation is optimum when there is a prevailing wind direction
    - - The FLOW and HEAD of the river are vital factors to consider. The larger the flow and the higher the head. the greater the energy available to be converted to electricity
        
        FLOW = volume of water which can be captured and re-directed to turn the turbine generator
        
        HEAD = the height the water will fall
      - A long, steep-sided valley basin with a narrow exit is ideal as this maximises the volume of the reservoir
      - Size and shape of drainage basins + volume of water in channels, are important considerations in the development of HEP dams
      - Geology of the rocks should be stable and impermeable
    - - Coal
        
        Started to form 360 million years ago
        
        Formed in swamp conditions on the edge of sedimentary basins such as lagoons or lakes
        
        Sedimentary rock
        
        Types of coal ranked from best to worst quality: anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite
      - Oil and Natural Gas
        
        Fossilized in sedimentary source rocks such as finely grained shale
        
        Organic matter turns into kerogen, which then turns into oil at temperatures above 110°C, under hotter conditions it will then turn into natural gas
        
        Hydrocarbons of organic origin which settled to the bottom of the sea as they died
  - - - More reliable than renewable energy
      - Emits no carbon dioxide
      - Long-term. efficient, viable energy security alternative for countries that have become over-reliant on fossil fuels
    - - emits no carbon dioxide
      - sustainable energy, will be able to maintain energy security in the future
      - diversifies energy mix and reduces reliance on fossil fuels
    - - extra exploration effort is invested since fossil fuel prices are rising
      - countries are willing to grant exploration rights to TNC's
      - Technological advancements are being made to access previously unviable reserves, e.g. hydraulic fracking in the USA
      - The biggest gas field discovery in over a decade was made in August 2015 by Maersk, a Danish TNC
  - - - heat recovery can help reduce the overall energy consumption of the process itself
      - installing heat recovery systems which collect and re-use heat
    - - aerodynamic designs
      - congestion charges
      - using electric and hybrid cars
      - campaigns encouraging public transport, cycling, and walking
      - more renewable and efficient fuels
    - - using low carbon technologies e.g. solar panels
      - using energy efficient appliances and lighting
      - improving insulation of walls, windows, and roofs
      - using environmentally friendly and recycled materials