1993 study = surveyed large sample of active ppts who identified their primary PA as individual sport or exercise . Sports ppts rated enjoyment & competence as primary motivating factors & exercise ppts rated body related motives

1997 study= small sample of aerobics and martial arts class ppts, competence & enjoyment linked to martial arts & body related motives linked to aerobics

Exercise ppts = reported greater motivation to exercise for appearance, strength & endurance, stress management, weight management & all 3 health variables, with the largest effect size differences for illhealth avoidance, positive health and appearance

Sport ppts= affiliation, challenge and competition and social recognition as higher motivators, with affiliation and competition having the largest effect sizes

Examined expectancy value theory. Looked at whether sport motivation trajectories predicted individual and team based sport participation & if sport partiicpation reduced the development of depression in adolescence

They found individual sports participation didn't result in depressive symptoms declining across adolescence in the same way that team sports do. This supports (Eime & colleagues (2013) suggesting team based sport provides unique psychosocial benefits that improve psychological functioning

Used the framework of the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (HMIEM) which is an extension of SDT. HMIEM provides a framework or understanding of the determinants and consequences of motivation at a global (personality) contextual (life domain) and situational (state) levels (Vallerand, 1997)

This study focussed on motivation at the contextual level as contextual motivation includes an individuals motivation behaviour in a life domain (e.g. sport)

Looked at team sports (N= 215, 65% female and 35% male) playing at the highest national level within their sport

relatedness was associated with the most self determined controlled form of motivation (introjected regulation) which contradicts prior literature. An athlete is also more likely to feel obligated to do something (introjected regulation) when they feel connected to others (relatedness) such as in team sports. There was also a lack of an association between competence and motivation which contradicts prior literature

Kouncu, Tok, Canpolat & Catikkas (2010) examined the relationship between SPA, self esteem and body fat ration in female exercisers and non exercisers. Found female college student athletes were more satisfied with their physical appearance and had lower SPA and higher self esteem compared to the groups who didn't execise and the ones who were nationally recognized as elite athletes.

Portman, Bradbury & Lewis (2018) found support that despite SPA being higher in females than males, it doesn't appear to deter individuals from taking part in physical activity, females just report using higher intensity training than men

Molanorouzi, Khoo & Morris (2015) found that team sport ppts showed higher motives for affiliation and mastery compared to the rest of the sample, with lower motives for physical condition. Individual racing sport and bowls ppts were motivated most by enjoyment compared to the rest of the sample, but less motivated by appearance and affiliation. For raquet sports ppts mastery was the most important factor with competition also representing a meaningful contributor compared ot the rest of the sample. Exercisers showed higher motives for psychological condition, appearance and physical condition, but lower motives than the rest of the sample for mastery and competition/ego. Martial arts ppts= competition/ego contributed the most with mastery and psychological condition also representing meaningful contributors compared to the rest of the sample

They also found that gymnasts reported the most favourable self perceptions with lower SPA compared with soccor players and skaters- this is surprising, however the small sample size of the gymnasts (N=9) warrents extreme caution

Gay, Monsma & Torres-McGehee (2011) doesn't support these findings and found that SPA was reported as 4.5 times higher for individual aesthetic sport athletes than non aesthetic sport athletes

Regular PA plays an important role on both physical and psychologicalfactors such as weight management, fitness, wellbeing and enjoyment (Mandolesi, Polverino, Montuori et al, 2018), however the number of physically inactive adults has increased in recentyears (Dumith, Hallal, Reis & Kohl, 2011)- they did a meta analysis on 26 longitudinal studies and found that in 22 of them a decline in PA was found across ages 9-18 with the steepest decline between 15 and 18

Chowdhury (2012)- suggested that it is plausable to believe that there will be systematic differences between the levels of participation, even within the same kinds of physical activity- i.e. a competitive tennis layer will pursue PA seriously whereas a recreational tennis player might play tennis at a local club with friends. Rowchowdrey suggested a GAP that motives for participation differ from person to person so comparing participants motives for engaging in PA and the level they are involved in would be beneficial.

Is it maybe the categorisation of club ppts that fasciliate this? Also this supports my findings

They define 'club' as people who are members of an organisation/ centre such as a fitness centre. My ppts were part of a society and a 'club' but were labelled as recreational. They recreational ppts would have had dedicated training sessions every week and may have done small competitions at the end or competed against other unis in friendlies at a similar level, so this may have been a goal they strived towards therefore choosing competiiton as higher

The study by Sukys et al (2019) found appearance/ weight to be the least important motive for leisure time PA, with health being the top motive. Previous studies revealed gender differences in relation to PA motives (Molanorouzi et al, 2015; Patay et al., 2015; Rubio Henao & Varela Arevalo, 2016), with weight and appearance being more important factors for women

• As to weight and appearance motives, students tend to gain weight during college (Pope, Hansen, & Harvey, 2017), and women have tended to be more overweight than men (Molanorouzi et al., 2015). The demands for initiating new relationships may make young adults particularly concerned about their physical appearance (J. Fletcher, 2016), and female students tend to be particularly concerned about and less satisfied with their bodies than are male students (Mintem, Gigante, & Horta, 2015).
  

Targeting college students is important as they experience many lifestyle changes that impact physical activity with physiological changes occurring which may increase students concerns about body image (Rosin, Trachtenberg & Cohen, 2001)
Declines in PA begin during college and continue until age 29 (National Centre for Health Statistics, 2012)