Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Network Acces, Network and Host Portions, IPv4 Address Structure, IPv4…
Network Acces
3.2.3 IMPLEMENT AN IPv4 ADDRESSING SCHEME
The Subnet Mask
Three IPv4 addresses must be configured on a host:
Unique IPv4 address of the host.
Subnet mask - identifies the network/host portion of the IPv4 address.
Default gateway -IP address of the local router interface.
compared to the subnet mask bit by bit, from left to right.
A 1 in the subnet mask indicates that the corresponding bit in the IPv4 address is a network bit.
Logical AND
A logical AND is one of three basic binary operations used in digital logic.
Used to determine the Network Address
The Logical AND of two bits yields the following results:
An IPv4 address is hierarchical.
Composed of a Network portion and Host portion.
All devices on the same network must have the identical network portion
The Subnet Mask helps devices identify the network portion and host portion.
The Prefix Length
Shorthand method of expressing the subnet mask.
• Equals the number of bits in the subnet mask set to 1.
Written in slash notation, / followed by the number of network bits.
Static IPv4 Address Assignment to a Host
Some devices like printers, servers and network devices require a fixed IP address.
Hosts in a small network can also be configured with static addresses
Dynamic IPv4 Address Assignment to a Host
Most networks use Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) to assign IPv4 addresses dynamically.
The DHCP server provides an IPv4 address, subnet mask, default gateway, and other configuration information.
DHCP leases the addresses to hosts for a certain length of time.
If the host is powered down or taken off the network, the address is returned to the pool for reuse
Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses
Types of Addresses in Network 192.168.10.0/24
Network Address - host portion is all 0s (.00000000)
First Host address - host portion is all 0s and ends with a 1 (.00000001)
Last Host address - host portion is all 1s and ends with a 0 (.11111110)
Broadcast Address - host portion is all 1s (.11111111)
IPv4 Communication
Unicast – one to one communication.
Broadcast– one to all.
Multicast – one to a select group.
Unicast Transmission
§ Unicast – one to one communication
Use the address of the destination device as the destination address
Broadcast Transmission
one to all
Message sent to everyone in the LAN (broadcast domain.)
destination IPv4 address has all ones (1s) in the host portion.
Multicast Transmission
one to a select group.
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 addresses reserved for multicast.
routing protocols use multicast transmission to exchange routing information.
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Private Addresses
Not routable
Introduced in mid 1990s due to depletion of IPv4 addresses
Used only in internal networks.
Must be translated to a public IPv4 to be routable
Defined by RFC 1918
Private Address Blocks
10.0.0.0 /8 or 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
◦ 172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255192.168.0.0 /16
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Special User IPv4 Addresses
Loopback addresses (127.0.0.0 /8 or 127.0.0.1)
Used on a host to test if the TCP/IP configuration is operational.
Link-Local addresses (169.254.0.0 /16 or 169.254.0.1)
Commonly known as Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses.
Used by Windows client to self configure if no DHCP server available
TEST-NET addresses (192.0.2.0/24 or 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255)
Used for teaching and learning.
Legacy Classful Addressing
Network addresses were based on 3 classes:
Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8)
Designed to support extremely large networks with more than 16 million host addresses
Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 – 191.255.0.0 /16)
Designed to support the needs of moderate to large size networks up to approximately 65,000 host addresses.
Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 – 223.255.255.0 /24)
Designed to support small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts.
Classless Addressing
Classful Addressing wasted addresses and exhausted the availability of IPv4 addresses.
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR, pronounced “cider”)
Allowed service providers to allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit boundary (prefix length) instead of only by a class A, B, or C.
Assignment of IP Addresses
The following organizations manage and maintain IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for the various regions
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)- North America.
Réseaux IP Europeans (RIPE) - Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia
Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) - Asia and Pacific regions
African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC) – Africa
Regional Latin-American and Caribbean IP Address Registry (LACNIC) - Latin America and some Caribbean islands
3.1.2 Convert between binary and
decimal numbering system
Binary and Decimal Conversion
To convert a decimal IPv4address to binary use the positional chart and check first if the number is greater than the 128 bit. If no a 0 is placed in this position. If yes then a 1 is placed in this position.
128 is subtracted from the original number and the remainder is then checked against the next position (64) If it is less than 64 a 0 is placed in this position. If it is greater, a 1 is placed in this position and 64 is subtracted.
The process repeats until all positional values have been entered.
IPv4
Binary numbering system consists of the numbers 0 and 1 called BITS
expressed in 32 binary bits divided into 4 8-bit octets
commonly expressed in dotted decimal notation
Positional Notation
The first row identifies the number base or radix. Decimal is 10. Binary is based on 2, therefore radix will be 2
The 2nd row considers the position of the number starting with 0. These numbers also represent the exponential value that will be used to calculate the positional value (4th row).
The 3rd row calculates the positional value by taking the radix and raising it by the exponential value of its position. Note: n^0 is always = 1.
The positional value is listed in the fourth row
Applying decimal positional notation
Decimal to Binary Conversion
positional chart and check first if the number is greater than the 128 bit. If no a 0 is placed in this position. If yes then a 1 is placed in this position.
128 is subtracted from the original number and the remainder is then checked against the next position (64) If it is less than 64 a 0 is placed in this position. If it is greater, a 1 is placed in this position and 64 is subtracted.
The process repeats until all positional values have been entered.
EXAMPLE
Network and Host Portions
IPv4 Address Structure
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
