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CHAPTER 3 : NETWORK ACCESS - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 3 : NETWORK ACCESS
3.1 Construct IP addressing and subnetting
IPv4 addresses
binary numbering system consists of numbers 0 & 1 called bits.
IPv4 addresses are expressed in 32 binary bits divided into 4 8-bit octets.
Positional Notation
The first row identifies the number base or radix.
the 2nd row considers the position of the number starting with 0. These numbers also represent the exponential value that will be used to calculate the positional value.(4th row)
The 3rd row calculates the positional value by taking the radix and raising it by the exponential value of its position.
Decimal to Binary Conversion
To convert a decimal IPv4 address to binary use the positional chart and check first if the number is greater than the 128 bit.
128 is subtracted from the original number and the reminder is then checked against the next position 64
If no 0 is places in this position.
If it is less than 64 a 0 is placed in this position.
If it is greater, a 1 is placed in this position and 64 is subtracted.
If yes then 1 is placed in this position.
Binary to Decimal Conversion
To convert a binary IPv4 address to decimal enter the 8 bit binary number of each octet under the positional value of row
Calculate to produce the decimal
3.2.3 Implement an IPv4 addressing scheme
The Subnet Mask
Unique IPv4 address of the host
Subnet mask - identifies the network/host portion of the IPv4 address
Default gateway - IP address of the local router interface
IPv4 address is compared to the subnet mask bit by bit, from left to right
Network, Host and Broadcast Addresses
First host address - host portion is all 0s and ends with 1 (.00000001)
Last host address - host portion is all 1s and ends with 0 (.11111110)
Network address - host portion is all 0s (.00000000)
Broadcast address - host portion is all 1s (.11111111)
Network & Host Portions
Composed of a network portion and host portion
All devices on the same network must have the identical network portion.
Static IPv4 Address Assignment to a Host
Some devices like printers, servers and network devices require a fixed IP address.
Hosts in a small network can also be configured with static addresses.
Logical AND
Logical AND is one of three basic binary operations used in digital logic
The Prefix Length
Equals the number of bits in the subnet mask set to 1
Written in slask notation, followed by the number of network bits.
Shorthand method of expressing the subnet mask
IPv4 Communication
Broadcast– one to all.
Multicast – one to a select group.
Unicast – one to one communication.
Dynamic IPv4 Address Assignment to a Host
The DHCP server provides an IPv4 address, subnet mask, default gateway, and other configuration information.
To assign IPv4 addresses dynamically
DHCP leases the addresses to hosts for a certain length of time.
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
Private Addresses
Must be translated to a public IPv4 to be routable.
Defined by RFC 1918
Used only in internal networks
Not routable
Private Address Blocks
172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255192.168.0.0 /16
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
10.0.0.0 /8 or 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Special User Ipv4 Addresses
Link-Local addresses (169.254.0.0 /16 or 169.254.0.1)
TEST-NET addresses (192.0.2.0/24 or 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255)
Loopback addresses (127.0.0.0 /8 or 127.0.0.1)
Legacy Classful Addressing
Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 – 191.255.0.0 /16) – Designed to support the needs of moderate to large size networks up to approximately 65,000 host addresses.
Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 – 223.255.255.0 /24) – Designed to support small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts.
Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8) – Designed to support extremely large networks with more than 16 million host addresses.
Classless Addressing
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR, pronounced “cider”)
Allowed service providers to allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit boundary (prefix length) instead of only by a class A, B, or C
Assignment of IP Addresses
Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) - Asia and Pacific regions
African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC) – Africa
Réseaux IP Europeans (RIPE) - Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia
Regional Latin-American and Caribbean IP Address Registry (LACNIC) - Latin America and some Caribbean islands
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)- North America.
