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Thermoregulation of the Japanese Macaque living in a snowy mountain area …
Thermoregulation of the Japanese Macaque living in a snowy mountain area
Adaptation to temperature
Insulation
Hair
Thickness
Back fur of HV and Inuyama indoor living monkeys mostly coarse hairs with few fine fibers.
Abdominal skin among Inuyama indoor-living monkeys sparsely coated with fine fibers.
The abdominal & chest fur of HV monkeys have many thick hairs.
Wild Japanese macaques fur change thickness seasonally.
Summer: sparse & short
Autumn to winter: thick & long
Length
HV monkeys' hair slightly longer than indoor living monkeys in both areas.
Pilomotor activity
Help HV monkeys trap warm air in surrounding by contraction of pili muscles that cause fur to stand
Subcutaneous fat tissues
Body weight increase in November then decreases during winter.
Although its function as insulation is considered initially, the subcutaneous fat is actually acts more to nutritional role during winter compared to insulation.
Non-shivering thermogenesis (NST)
Mediated by uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue.
Increase metabolic heat production in body without involving muscle activity
Assumed HV monkeys develop NST due to high resting metabolism and will be study in the future.
It is reported that the cold-acclimated Japanese macaque has rich brown adipose tissue but the presence of brown adipose tissue had not been determined and need to undergo further study.
Behavioral thermoregulation
Huddling on windy and snowy days
On windy days, moves to sheltered way to escape wind, in the winter, find winter buds.
Both limbs flexed & tightly compressed on ventral side body while they rest to minimize heat loss from belly, groin areas & chest.
Sitting in hot spring
Thermoregulatory response
Conductance
Most HV monkeys, tissue conductance decreased as temperature reduced.
HV monkeys' conductance slightly lower among indoor-living monkeys.
Metabolic rate
Japanese macaques' coats clipped all over bodies to improve their metabolic rate (maintain homeothermy).
A small body weight Japanese macaque have high metabolic rate compared to larger body weight.
Body temperature
Homeothermy
HV monkeys maintained rectal temperature within 38.3 to 39.6 °C due to insulation capability
Critical ambient temperature for metabolic growth is below the freezing point, HV monkeys can maintain thermal equilibrium without rising heat output.
Acclimatization
HV monkeys and outdoor monkeys have ability to acclimatize with cold temperature compare to indoor monkeys
It happen due to the increase in fur thickness
Vasomotor
Vasodilation
The HV monkeys displayed earlier at higher finger temperatures during immersion in 0℃.
During winter, HV monkey’s skin temperature and vasomotor responses suggest a tolerance for local cold stress to conduct delicate finger manipulation such as in grooming processes.
Stimulate HV monkeys blood vessels to dilate so its compatible with surrounding temperature to control heat loss.
General information
Taxonomy
Order: Primates
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Macaca
Species:
M.fuscata
Habitat
Mild climate
Location
Inuyama City (Outdoor)
Snowy mountain
Location
Hell Valley (HV)
Aim
To observe climatic adaptation of Japanese macaque