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Integrative activity 8. Biomolecules - Coggle Diagram
Integrative activity 8. Biomolecules
Human growth hormone
HGH, produced by the pituitary gland, spurs growth in children and adolescents.
Helps to regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function.
Produced synthetically, HGH is the active ingredient in a number of prescription drugs and in other products available widely over the Internet.
HGH Uses and Abuses
Synthetic human growth hormone was developed in 1985 and approved by the FDA for specific uses in children and adults.
In children, HGH injections are approved for treating short stature of unknown cause as well as poor growth due to a number of medical causes.
Turner's syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects a girl's development
Prader-Willi syndrome, an uncommon genetic disorder causing poor muscle tone, low levels of sex hormones, and a constant feeling of hunger
Chronic kidney disease
HGH deficiency or insufficiency
Children born small for gestational age
Adults approved uses of HGH
Short bowel syndrome, a condition in which nutrients are not properly absorbed due to severe intestinal disease or the surgical removal of a large portion of the small intestine
HGH deficiency due to rare pituitary tumors or their treatment
Muscle-wasting disease associated with HIV/AIDS
Also known as growth hormone (GH), it plays a key role in growth, body composition, cell repair, and metabolism.
HGH also boosts muscle growth, strength, and exercise performance, while helping you recover from injury and disease.
Low HGH levels may decrease your quality of life, increase your risk of disease, and make you gain fat.
Link, R. (2019). 11 Ways to Boost Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Naturally. Healthline.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/11-ways-to-increase-hgh
Dunkin, M. A. (2010, November 1). Human Growth Hormone (HGH). WebMD.
https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/human-growth-hormone-hgh#1
The major isoform of the human growth hormone is a protein of 191 amino acids and a molecular weight of 22,124 daltons.
The structure includes four helices necessary for functional interaction with the GH receptor.
GH is evolutionarily homologous to prolactin and chorionic somatomammotropin.
GH is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored and secreted by somatotropic cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland.
Utiger, R. D. (2020). growth hormone | Definition, Function, Deficiency, & Excess. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/growth-hormone
It has two disulphide bridges, with 4 alpha helices arranged in anti-parallel distinctive manner.
A number of human growth hormone variants (naturally occurring and produced by recombinant DNA- technology) are visualised, and structure related functions are revealed.
1) The di-sulphide bridges are not essential for the biological activity of the molecule. The two chain variants of GH are able to show full biological activity.
2) The different domains of GH could be related to its functions.
3) N-terminus of the molecule is involved in the galactopoietic activity of the molecule.
4) A single amino acid residue at a particular position could determine the magnitude of hormone receptor binding.
5) Role of Trp 86 is critical in packing of the apha helices bundles of the molecule.
6) Hydrophobic cores are essential for the stability of GH molecule.
7) Salt bridges and hydrogen bonds are also important for the binding of the molecule with its receptors.
8) GH molecule has two binding sites for receptor molecules, Site I and Site II which are sterically coupled.
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