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Introduction of Reported Speech, Present Perfect - Coggle Diagram
Introduction of Reported Speech
Common
Reporting Verbs are
Ask
Think
State
Claim
Announce
Tell
Say
State
Say
VS
Tell
:
SAY
: We use
SAY
in the direct and indirect style.
If we want to use Say with a personal object, we need to use the preposition "to".
TELL
: When we use
TELL
we need to use an indirect object that goes after the verb.
Deictic Expressions
Reported speech
Then
That day
The day before/the previous
day
The day after/the next day
That week
The week before/the
previous week
The week after/the next week
Two years before
Direct speech
Now
Today
Tomorrow
This week
Last week
Next week
Two years ago
Words that indicate
TIME & PLACE
Article Examples
A study investigating the link between social media use and body-related behavior among adolescent girls found negative mental health results.
The article explain thatt Cosmetic surgeons also have a growing concern around body dysmorphic disorder.
The article said that social media age constantly subjects us to pictures of ourselves.
BACKSHIFT
we change a sentence from direct to indirect speech
change of tense in the indirect sentence
which is called “backshift”.
NOT FOR UNIVERSAL TRUTHS
We change the
TIME
Present Simple
Past Simple
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Will
Would
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
PP
DIRECT SPEECH
Me
My
I
We
Ours
Us
REPORTED SPEECH
He / She
Him / Her
His / Her
Them
They
Their
Pronouns change (or not) depending on the view of the reporter
Tense Shift
Must
had to
Don't
didn't
Will
would
Has / Have
had
Can
could
Are
were
Am / Is
was
Was / Were
had been
What is Reported Speech?
Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said, to report what someone said or says. In indirect speech, we often use a tense which is 'further back' in the past than the tense originally used. This is called '
backshift
'. We also may need to change other words that were used, for example
pronouns
.
Present Perfect