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Unit 8-The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea, 10941028A、10941061A …
Unit 8-The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea
The Gram-Positive Bacteria
Low G + C gram-positive (Firmicutes)
bacteria include common soil bacteria, the lactic acid bacteria, and several human pathogens
High G + C gram-positive (Actinobacteria)
bacteria include mycobacteria, corynebacteria, and actinomycetes
Firmicutes 厚壁菌門
Low G + C
Gram-positive
Actinobacteria 放線菌門
high G+C
Clostridiales
Endospore-producing
Obligate anaerobes
舉例
C. difficile艱難梭狀芽孢桿菌
C. perfringens產氣梭狀芽孢桿菌
C. Botulinum 肉毒桿菌
C. tetani破傷風桿菌
Epulopiscium
Bacillales
Staphylococcus葡萄球菌
Cocci
S. aureus
舉例
B. anthracis (炭疽桿菌)
Cause anthrax
B. thuriniensis (蘇力菌)
Best known microbial insect pathogen
Bt (toxin)
B. cereus (仙人掌桿菌)
Cause food poisoning
Bacillus 桿菌屬
Endospore–producing rods
Common in soil
Few are pathogenic
Some produce antibiotics
Lactobacillales乳酸桿菌
anaerobes
Streptococcus鏈球菌
Enterococcus腸球菌
Lactobacillus乳酸桿菌
Listeria李斯特菌
Mycoplasmatales黴漿菌
pleomorphic
0.1 - 0.24 µm
Wall-less
EX:M. pneumoniae
Streptomyces鏈黴菌
largest genus of Actinobacteria
have genomes with high GC content
gram-positive
Mycobacterium分枝桿菌
Drug resistance
Mycolic acids : waxy, water-resistant layer
Acid fast staining
G (+)
Aerobic, non-endospore forming rods
EX:M. tuberculosis 結核分枝桿菌、M. leprae 痲瘋分枝桿菌
Domain Archaea 10941010A 10941030A
Extremophiles
Hyperthermophiles
Pyrodictium
Sulfolobus
Methanogens
Methanobacterium
Extreme halophiles
Halobacterium
Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria
10941005A、10941034A
Chemoheterotrophic
planctomycetes,chlamydiae衣原體門, spirochetes 螺旋體門,bacteroidetes擬桿菌門, fusobacteria梭桿菌門
Purple and green photosynthetic bacteria
photoautotrophs
that use light energy and CO2 and do
not produce O2
Cyanobacteria
photoautotrophs
that use light energy
and CO2 and do produce O2
Deinococcus and Thermus
resistant to environmental extremes
Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Gliding motility
Fix nitrogen
Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
Purple nonsulfur 紫色無硫細菌
Green sulfur 綠硫菌
Purple sulfur 紫硫菌
Green nonsulfur 綠色無硫細菌
Chlamydias 披衣菌
Obligate intracellular
parasite
Trachoma
STI (性傳染病), urethritis 尿道炎
Chlamydophila pneumoniae 肺炎
Psittacosis 鸚鵡病
Bacteroidetes 擬桿菌門
Bacteroides are found in the intestine tract
− Number ~ 1 billion/ g of feces
Fusobacteria 梭桿菌門
associated with colorectal cancer ( F. nucleatum )
Spirochetes 螺旋體
Borrelia 疏螺旋體屬
Tramsmitted by tick蜱or lice蝨
Cause relapsing fever
Cause Lyme disease(萊姆病)
Treponema 密螺旋體屬
Cause syphilis(梅毒)
Leptospira 鉤端螺旋體屬
Spread by water
Microbial Diversity 10941010A 10941030A
Bacteria size range
Thiomargarita
750 µm in diameter
Gets energy from reduced sulfur compounds (H2S)
Nanobacteria
(0.02 µm) in rocks
182 genes
1999 Heidi Namibia岸邊沉積物
750 µm Thiomargarita namibiensis
Many bacteria have not been identified because they
Need special nutrients
Are a part of complex food chains requiring the products of other bacteria
Haven't been cultured
Need to be cultured to understand their metabolism and ecological role
PCR indicates up to 10,000 bacteria per gram of soil.
10941028A、10941061A
