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Interpersonal Violence and Health - Coggle Diagram
Interpersonal Violence and Health
black youth living in economically depressed urban environments desire parenthood @ younger ages
have greater # of unintended pregnancies
have greater # of children
when compared to white youth living w/ resources
"Poor young Black women are more likely to engage in sexual partnerships with poor young Black men than men of other races, ethnicities, or class status due to limited sexual networks that often prevent partnering with men outside their neighborhood boundaries"
reproductive coercion (RC) also experienced more my Black young women
defined by American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists as "behavior[s] intended to maintain power and control in a relationship related to reproductive health..."
defined in by author as "strategic behaviors that promote a pregnancy in a female partner who does not wish to be pregnant"
may be driver of high unintended pregnancy rate
grouped in 3 domains:
pregnancy coercion or pressure
ex. pressure to not use contraceptives or threats to leave female partner if she does not become pregnant
birth control sabotage
ex. condom removal or hiding contraceptives
controlling pregnancy outcomes
might include the male partner isolating the female partner or threats of violence to prevent partner from seeking an abortion
experienced by 8% to 16% of women but black young women report higher patterns of RC experiences compared with all races
E. Miller and colleagues data: "more Black women reported experiencing RC in the past 3 months (12.5%) than White (3.5%), Hispanic (8.8%), Asian (7.3%), and Multiracial (5.9%) women"
"reproductive behaviors are influenced by spectrum of childbearing motivations"
social norms, social & economic status/capital, parental & partner expectations
anti-natal (not wanting children), pro-natal (wanting a child), and ambivalent (conflicted desires) motivations predict condom and contraceptive use as well as pregnancy outcomes like timing and # of children over lifetime
"Ambivalent young Black women are less likely than ambivalent young White women to use condoms or long-acting contraceptive methods due to shifting desires for pregnancy"
ambivalent feelings and lower contraceptive use influenced by social factors such as poorer edu. or employment prospects
Research done in article to explore perceptions of RC among young Black men and how they intersect with their childbearing motivations which influence women's experiences of RC behaviors
according to this survey reports of using RC were rare in this sample but it was still reported nonetheless
only two participants talked about their own RC behavior while others described observations of other men who are their friends or family
three men talked about RC behaviors as a form of dominance
some talked about cases of entrapment when the woman has used RC behaviors and that they do so to gain power back over the male partner
one person talked about how a female friend engaged in an RC behavior (condom sabotage)
many of the men in this study had resistance to medical intervention (against abortion) and stated the need for preparation to have a child due to the limited edu and economic opportunties
even those who had engaged in RC behaviors discussed wanting to positively shape the lives of their children and "be better fathers than the ones they had" by becoming more educationally and economically prepared
conducted interview to get responses abt 4 domains of interest:
RC: questions like do you and you girlfriend/sex partner ever fight about pregnancy? or have you ever hidden or destroyed a condom so she would get pregnant?
also assessed on separate questionnaire with questions on pregnancy coercion and BC sabotage
sexual development & models of sexual relationship:
fatherhood assessed with questions regarding childbearing motives; "what does fatherhood or having a child mean to you?"
relationship conflict:
confirmed idea that RC behaviors might be manifestation of masculinity performance but still went against Whitehead's idea of conventional masculinity since they described childbearing and fatherhood as a "potential pathway to access respectability" in absence of financial security
"fluidity of masculine roles"