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CH 7: Components of Migration - Coggle Diagram
CH 7: Components of Migration
1.) Types of Migration & Operational Definitions:
In-Migration & Out-Migration
Voluntary & Involuntary Migration
Forced Migration & Chain Migration
Net Migration & Gross Migration
International Migration- the crossing an official international frontier
Tourism - "near migration"
Internal Migration- moving from one area of a subpopulation to another
Two types of migrants: emigrants & immigrants
2.) Internal Population Shifts in the U.S:
In the US intracity & intercity migration are the most common
Developing countries internal migration is mostly rural to urban with most migrants being males
The Great Migration- Highly consequential episode on interregional migration which resulted in the mass movement of African Americans from the southern and eastern to the northern and western states starting in 1916
“Snowbelt to Sunbelt”- large scale migration from northeastern to southern & far-western states
“Rural Renaissance”- flow from major metropolitan areas to “exurban” & rural areas
4.) International Migration:
The US has experienced three major waves of voluntary immigration that began in 1820 and continue today. This makes us a nation of immigrants.
The second wave experienced the impact of the 1924 Immigration and Nationality Act
Involves the movement of individuals & groups from one country to another & can either be temporary or permanent.
1.) Measuring Migration, Problems & Methods :
No universally accepted or technical definition of the term migration & there is no direct method to account for internal migration. So all measurements are indirect estimates.
The Balancing Equation: G = Pt-P0 = (B-D) + (I-O)
In- and out- migration determines the magnitude and rate of population growth & are the least precisely observed and recorded component of population growth
3.) Theories of Internal Migration:
E. Ravenstein’s “Laws”
The Economic Opportunity Model by L. A. Sjaastad (1962)
Edward M. Lee’s Theory of Push-and-Pull Factors:
Push factors- undesirable conditions at place of origin such as lack of jobs, housing, schooling, or natural disasters
Pull factors- perceived economic, social and political opportunities
The Social Network Theory
Michael Todaro’s Migration Model
The Value Expectancy Model
4.) Refugees & The Issue of Forced International Migration:
The most important characteristic that differentiates a refugee from an ordinary migrant is that the often refugees have little control over migration.
Crossing an international border for safety or not dying results in a long chain of
events in which governments & national laws play an active role in determining what to do
Refugees are forced immigrants who are subjected to the "push and pull" processes
Human rights violations and political conflict are the major driving forces & most significant causes of increased refugee flow and migration