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Chapter 23 Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flowers ("…

- - - - long shoots
      - short shoots
    - - pollen cones - simple with single axis
      - seed cones - compound cones
        
        each consists of a shoot w/ axillary bud
- - - - tough shrubs and bushes
    - - very scarce. short wide stems w/ 2 leaves
    - - mostly vines or small shrubs