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ARA102 S21 group 1 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements, (S21 Sec06E -…
ARA102 S21 group 1 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements, (S21 Sec06E - 2pm class)
Mansi Asarpota
Aya Kilidar
Mohammad Herzallah
Sharien Muralitharan
Politico-Religious Movements
Shia
Zayidyya:
The second latest Shia group and the first Zayb.b Ali 5th
political activities
islamis:
Ismail B. Jaafar 7th imam
Ftaimid caliphate emerges from it
Dynastic and theological disputes caused schism with Shia between 680-900.
2nd largest group after sunnism
Many believed that Ali b. Talib, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law, was the heir designated by the Prophet himself.
Belived Ali B.Abi Talib was heir to the prophet instead of Abu Baker
Their first spark was seen as early as CE 632,
Sufism
One notable School of Sufism in the 19 sentry was the school of Sobriety (Sahw) created in Baghdad
Another notable School of Sufism in the 9th century was the school of intoxication (Sukr) centered in Khurusan
Originally, it was not a sect or school, but an ideology and doctrine.
later, sufism (10th century) was institutionalized in a nation known as Tariqa (path/way). they typically never developed sectarian tendencies
Bases on Quranic message, and Sunna of prophet.
Famous sufis include Abu Hamid Al-Ghazzali, Ibn Arabi, and Jalal Al-Din Ruminator
in arabic it is known as Tasawwuf, which is a combination of Spirtuality, Asceticism, and Mysticism.
Wahhabism
He eliminated any suspicious practices adopted by Muslim and went to the extreme by violating certain ethics purely to prove his point of adherence to Tawhid.
The later Wahhabi movement came to inherit the legacy of extremism and intolerance
Named after Muhammad B. Abd Al-Wahhab
The Wahabis rejected all kinds of innovations such:
celebrating the Prophet's birth
Visiting the tombs of saints
introducing a name od a "saint" into a prayer
Seeking intercession from any being but Allah
initially purpose was not poitical. they did not seek to overthrow any governmnets to replace any political power with another
They called for strict adherence to:
attendance at public prayer as obligatory
Smoking of tobacco or shaving the beard or the use of abusive language is punishable
Cleaning the society from any foreign practices and adoption
Schools of Theology
The Ash'ariyya won acceptance of Sunni Islam and defeated the Mu'tazila and its thoughts and practices
The withdrawers' beliefs were too controversial for orthodox religious clergy which led to the rise of theology.
After Wasil left Hasan's circle, him and his followers were known as the "withdrawers" (mu'tazila)
During the Abbasid era, the birth of a powerful school of theology in the circle of Hasan al-Basri was witnessed in Basra
Wasil b, Ata introduced the new concept of "intermediate state" (al-manzila bayn al-manzilatayn)
The "withdrawers" practiced rationalism and used Greek philosophical concepts in their Islamic dogma
Abu al-Hassan al-Ash'ari, the founder of the Ash'ariyya school of theology, assumed a more orthodox approach against the withdrawers
The 4 major schools were founded around the 10th century. Formed through the teachings of their respective founders who lived in the 8th and 9th centuries.
Sunni schools of Jurisprudence (Madhahib)
Hanafi
– Abu Hanifi al- Numan (767) , emerged in Iraq and as such it reflects the views of the Iraqi jurists.*
Maliki
– Malik b Anas (795), Maliki school emerged in Medina and thus reflects the views and practices of Medina jurists.
Shafi i-
Muhammad b Idris al-Shafi (820), evolved in Egypt and by the tenth century, it was established in Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia. Today it is also strong in Egypt, India and Indonesia.
Two other important schools of speculative theology emerged during this time as well:
The
Mut’azila
and the
Ashariyya
, of which the Ashariyya would survive until today.
These Sunni schools provided higher education, offered training for teachers in their respective practices and offered official consultants and judges.
They all acknowledge the authority of the Holy Qur’an and the Hadith as the ultimate source of the Islamic law.
Hanbali
– Ahmad b Hanbali (855), first emerged in Iraq, but, due to its rigid and conservative nature, today it is followed only in Saudi Arabia, Egypt Levant and India.
The Muslim Brotherhood
Came back to the mainstream in 1984 and continued to be antigovernmental until being hunted down again in the early 2000s
Constructed mosques, schools, and sporting clubs
Initial goal was non political practice of Islam
Founded in 1928 by Egyptian man Hasan Al-Banna
Politics got involved and caused fighting between the brotherhood and colonial areas control including the West
Terroristic attacks on brits and Jews in the 40s got their leader AL-Banna shot and killed in 1949
Was banned and continued underground from mid 50s to the 80s
They won 17 and 20 seats in the People's Assembly
First president from the brotherhood was Mohammad Mursi in 2012, however he was detained and replaced by Al-Sisi in 2013