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Part 3: Language, Power, and Social Differentiation - Coggle Diagram
Part 3: Language, Power, and Social Differentiation
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Module 11: Language, Culture, and Thought
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Semiotic / Semantic Triangle
p 217
- Signs and Symbols
- sign --> referent (object) --> reference (thought/connotation)
- See tree -> thought of tree-> create word TREE
The thought ( connotation) is different for all people
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Categories and Concepts
p 217
- no two objects are exactly the same
- if NO major difference - > same category
- important to make generalizations
** desk vs desks
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ETHNOscience
p 218
- understanding culture through language
- neglects nonverbal behavior and experience-based knowledge
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Meaning
p 222
Denotation
- the literary meaning of a word
- ex. dog - domestic carnivore mammal
Connotation
- figurative, emotions, feelings
- positive, negative, neutral
- ex. dog - man's best friend, good companions
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Deriving meaning
- conversational analysis ( real) - data/word driven
- discourse analysis(abstract) - theory, methods, concepts, in-depth analysis.
- conversational implicature by Paul Grice
- Politeness maxims by Geoffrey Leech
- Tact - refer to benefit and not cost to others
- Generosity - refer to cost to self, but not benefit to self
- Approval - refer to the approval of others
- Agreement - refer to agreement between self and others
- Sympathy - maximize sympathy and minimize antipathy between self and others
Module 12: Language and Gender
Learning Objectives
- Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
- ling. determinism / relativity
- Color nomenclature theory
- Alternatives to ling. relativity
- Universalism & cultural determinism vs Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis:
*(language governs our experience of reality and each society has its own experience of reality, thus its own linguistic world)*
- lng one speaks shows how one perceives the world.
- Distinction encoded in each lng. are all different from one another.
Thus, each society and culture lives in its own "linguistic world".
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Linguistic relativity - the difference among languages must therefore be reflected in the differences in the world-views of their speakers.
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Module 13: Language, Class, "Race," Ethnicity, and Nationality
"No, you don't have to stop apologizing."
Some people apologize out of politeness
Men feel they need to apologize less because they do less mistakes
Some Women apologize out of emphaty for someone's suffering
Everyone has his/her own communication style
If you want to apologize effectively, use Dr. Tannen Six Traits of Effective Apology.
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