Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
14 Work Motivation for Performance - Coggle Diagram
14 Work Motivation for Performance
14.2 Content Theories of Motivation
Learned Needs Theory
David C. McClelland
studied three needs in depth
Need for Achievement
is how motivated people are to excel at the tasks they are performing, especially tasks that are difficult
Need for Affiliation
reflects the desire to establish and maintain warm and friendly relationships with other people
Need for Power
is the need to control things, especially other people, reflects a motivation to influence and be responsible for other people
Manifest Needs Theory
Assumes that human behavior is driven by the desire to satisfy needs
Henry A. Murray
primary needs
physiological needs for food, water, sex (procreation)
secondary needs
They include needs such as the need for achievement, love, and affiliation.
Hedonism
assumes that people are motivated to satisfy mainly their own needs (seek pleasure, avoid pain).
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow
theorized that human needs are organized hierarchically
Maslow proposed five basic types of human needs
Safety and security needs
Social needs
Ego and esteem
self-actualization.
Physiological and survival needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Clayton Alderfer
Compresses Maslow's five categories of needs into three:
• Existence needs
• Relatedness needs
• Growth needs
Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene Theory
Frederick Herzberg
argued that there are two sets of needs, instead of the five sets theorized by Maslow
Motivators
Hygienes
Self-Determination Theory
seeks to explain not only what causes motivation, but also how extrinsic rewards affect intrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
refers to the performance of an activity to achieve some valuable result
intrinsic motivation
refers to the performance of an activity for the inherent satisfaction of the activity itself
SDT posits that extrinsic rewards not only do not provide intrinsic motivation, they diminish it.
14.1 Motivation: Direction and Intensity
motivation
is a force within or outside of the body that energizes, directs, and sustains human behavior. The word stems from its Latin root movere, which means “to move.”
fulfill unmet needs
resolve conflicting thoughts that produce anxiety (an unpleasant experience
work motivation
amount of effort a person exerts to achieve a certain level of job performance.
components :
Direction
is what a person wants to achieve, what they intend to do.
Intensity
is how hard people try to achieve their targets. is what we think of as effort.
14.3 Process Theories of Motivation
Describe the process theories of motivation, and compare and contrast the main process theories of motivation
Equity theory
Equity theory’s main premise is that people compare their situations to those of otherpeople.
If a person feels that they are being treated unfairly relative to a referent other, the person may engage in behaviors that are counterproductive for the organization
Employers should try to develop feelings of fairness in employees.
Goal theory
Is a strong theory
It states that difficult, specific goals will result in high performance if employees accept the goals and are committed to achieving them.
Operant conditioning theory
Theory states that people Will be motivated to engage in behaviors for which they have been reinforced (rewarded).
It also states that people will avoid behaviors that are punished.
The rate at which behaviors are rewarded also affects how often they will be displayed.
Expectancy theory
Basically, the theory focuses on two related issues:
When faced with two or more alternatives, which will we select?
Once an alternative is chosen, how motivated will we be to pursue that choice?
Expectancy theory thus focuses on the two major aspects of motivation, direction (which alternative?)
intensity (how much effort to implement the alternative?).
The attractiveness of an alternative is determined by
our “expectations” of what is likely to happen if we choose it.
The more we believe that the alternative chosen
will lead to positively valued outcomes, the greater its attractiveness to us.
Process theories focus on how people become motivated
14.4 Recent Research on Motivation Theories
Describe the modern advancements in the study of human motivation.
The expectation theory is a theory of processes and the broadest of the theories of motivation.
Employees must perceive that they are capable of high performance and must have the right skills and high self-efficacy.
In general, the expectation theory draws attention to how organizations structure the work environment and
distribute rewards.
Organizations need to provide adequate resources
and measure performance accurately.