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ARA102 S21 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements, 9:30am Section, Group 3…
ARA102 S21 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements, 9:30am Section, Group 3
Shia
- 632: first started when succession to the prophet Muhammad raised questions about leadership of the Muslim nation
- 680: Battle of Karbala, political dispute over leadership = civil war between Ali and Mu’awiya b. Abi Sufyan marked birth of Shia
- 680 - 690: Development of many different branches, the Zaydiyya, the Ismailiyya and the Twelvers
- 780-974: Formation of Idrisid Dynasty in Maghreb
- 864-928: Formation of the Alavid dynasty in Tabaristan
- 909-1171: Formation of Fatimid dynasty in Maghreb, Levant and Egypt
- 930-1048: Formation of Buyid dynasty in Iran and Iraq
The Zaydiyya
- The second largest Shia group after the Twelvers
- Named after Zayd b. Ali (the grandson of al-Husayn b. Ali) who they consider their fifth imam
- Also referred to as Fivers
- 864: The first Shia movement to achieve political independence by establishing a dynasty in Tabaristan by al-Hasan b. Zayd
- 893: A second in Yemen by al-Hadi ila al Haqq Yahya al Rassi
The Ismailiyya
- The Fatimid dynasty emerged from them
- named after Ismail b. Ja’far, he was recognized as the 7th imam
- Political activists leading the rebellion against the Abbasids
- Missionaries converting new peoples to their faith
The Twelvers
- The largest branch and followed Musa al-Kazim
- Twelver refers to the belief in twelve imams, the last being Muhammad al-Mahdi
- 874: The 11th imam Hasan Al-Askari died with no heirs to succeed him
- Concept of a hidden twelfth imam, Muhammad, who would eventually appear as the Mahdi, the “guided one”
- The second largest group, first example of a sectarian community in Islam Shiism
- The Shia believe in the theocratic authority of the descendants of the Prophet’s daughter Fatima and her husband Ali bin Abi Talib
- Ali was the first Imam followed by his two sons al-Hasan and al-Husayn
Sunni
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Hanbali
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School is strong in Egypt, the Levant, India, and Turkey
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Shafi'i
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Established in Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia by the 10th century
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Also strong in India, Egypt, and Indonesia
Schools of Theology
- Theology governs the internal, non-physical, aspect of faith
- During Abbasid Era, birth of theology school in the circle of the scholar al-Hasan al-Basri in city of Basra
- 'Intermediate state', concept introduced by Wasil b Ata
- Wasil and a group of fellows separated from Hasan circle and formed the Mu'tazila
- They were known their excessive rationalism and incorporation of Greek philosophy into their discussion of Islamic dogma
- This gave rise to the science of kalam
- The Ash'ariyya school of theology named after founder Abu al Hasan al Ashari
- He insisted that reason is the subordinate to revelation
- They won the acceptance of the Sunni Islam as the official creed
- The Mu'tazila were defeated and resulted in their end
Sufism
is a combination of Islamic spirituality ,Asceticism,
mysticism
Sufism as a concept and a discipline is based on the Quran and the Sunna of the Prophet
- The Arabic term tasawwuf is derived from suf which means ‘wool’ and tasawwuf literally means dress of wool
- Sufism is a combination of spirituality, asceticism and mysticism
- Mystical communities, two distinguished schools are:
- School of Sobriety
- School of Intoxication
- Sufis are also know by other terms such as Faqir, Darwish and Wali
- Famous Sufis include:
- Al-Ghazzali: Persian, theologian and jurist
- Ibn Arabi: Andalusian, philosopher
- Din Rumi: greatest Persian Sufi poet, inspired Mawlawiyya Sufi
Stages of growth
- Appearance of early asceticism (roughly from the late 7th century)
- From asceticism to mysticism and the introduction of 'love' (from 9th century)
- Development of mystical communities (from the 9th century)
- Rise and proliferation of fraternal orders (roughly from the 10th century)
- The final transformation of the Sufi brotherhoods into organization
Wahhabism
Muhammad al-Wahhab
- Refers to the Islamic reform movement founded by him
- Preached his doctrines publicly, influenced by teachings of Ibn Taymiyya
- Known for his strict adherence to tawhid
- 18th century famous for attacking the blind acceptance of authority in religious matter
- Alliance between Wahhab and b.Sa'ud was formed, was basis for the political movement
- His 3 famous acts of challenge:
1) cutting of a scared tree
2) destroying the monument over the tomb of Zayd al-Khattab
3) stoning after an adulteress
- There wish was for Islam to be reflected in the political system
- The movement inherited a legacy of extremism and intolerance
- They rejected all kinds of innovations such as:
- celebrate Prophets birth
- visit tomb of saints
- say "saint" in prayer
- seek intercession only from Allah
- Strict adherence:
- Public prayer obligatory
- Smoking, shaving of beard or abusive language is punishable
- cleanse society of foreign practices
Muslim Brotherhood
- Founded in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna
- Muslim brotherhood according to Banna is not a political party
- Initial aim was to spread Islamic morals and good work
- However, dived into political and engaged inn fights against colonial control and Western influence on Egyptian society
- By late 1940s, they had circa 2 million followers in Egypt
- Banna formed a paramilitarily wing, who joined the fight against British colonial rule
- End of 1948 Muslim Brotherhood dissolved by Egyptian government for attacking British and Jewish interests
- Were accused of assassinating Prime Minister al-Nuqrashi
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- 1952: colonial rule ended in Egypt
1954: Failed attempted on Egyptian President Nasser, MB banned
- Group continued to grow underground in mid 50s
- 1980s: MB rejoined political mainstream
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- Mursi elected as MB candidate in 2012
Group members:
- Raneem Al-Qutayri g00074298
- Omar Egal b00083694
- Vishmaksh Pandita b00073729
- Shoaib Mohammed b00090127