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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, Innate Immunity - Coggle Diagram

- - - - are reactions of the body that are given to certain materials
      - reactions can be both physical or chemical
    - - is an autoimmune illness in nervous system about myelin sheets
  - - - Skin
        
        cover outer surface of the body
        
        sweat secretion occurs help killing of bacteria
        
        is low in pH that kills some germs
      - Anatomic barriers that can be chemical or physical.
      - Tears
        
        has lysozyme enzyme that helps killing microorganisms which enters to eyes
      - Saliva
        
        includes lysozyme enzyme that kills bacteria which enters to mouth
      - Respiratory ways
        
        microorganisms that are taken from air are killed by mucus in cilia and nose
      - Stomach mucus and acids
        
        stomach acid is a very strong base HCl that material kills microorganism taken from food
    - - Inflammatory Response
        
        body can
        
        become red
        
        get warmer
        
        swell
        
        pain starts
        
        caused by
        
        infected tissue
        
        damaged tissue
        
        histamine secreted by mast cells
        
        capillaries widen
        
        blood flow and the permeability increases to the damaged area increases
        
        edema and redness occur
        
        that allows more phagocytes and microbial proteins to enter the area
      - Phagocytes
        
        kinds
        
        neutrophils
        
        dendritic cells
        
        macrophages
        
        are leukocytes
        
        travel consume foreign elements
      - Interferons
        
        are antimicrobial proteins
        
        produced by infected cells
        
        warn disinfected cells to release enzymes that inhibit viruses
        
        prevent spread of viruses from one cell to other
      - Fever
        
        microorganisms cannot reproduce in high temperature
        
        makes phagocytosis easier
        
        accelerate tissue repair
      - Natural Killer Cells
        
        release perforin that breaks down cancerous or virus infected cells
        
        don't do phagocytosis
  - - - produced by B cells
        
        developed in bone marrow
      - B lymphocytes turn into
        
        Plasma cells
        
        secrete antibodies
        
        those antibodies are transported with blood or lymph liquid to the infected area
        
        Memory cells
        
        in case same antigen enters the body again those cells recognize them and make antibodies specified to the pathogen to destroy it
    - - produced by T cells
        
        developed in thymus
      - attacks infected body cells directly
      - some turn into memory cells
      - antigens activate T lymphocytes by binding to T cells receptors
  - - - vaccination provides active immunity
      - body's immune system develops responses during long periods of time
      - weakened pathogens or viruses or antigens are given to body
      - vaccination is done to healthy people
      - immunological memory is formed
      - provides long term protection
      - antibodies to the infection are formed by body not taken from outside
    - - provides short term protection
      - antibodies are given to the body
      - ill person receives blood serum
      - used as a treatment way
- - - - blood amount or number of red blood cells decrease
      - reasons
        
        genetic factors (in sickle cell anemia)
        
        huge blood losses
        
        hormonal irregularities
        
        not being able to keep iron in the body
      - treatments
        
        blood transfer (especially in sickle cell anemia)
        
        iron supplements
        
        diet change
    - - blood cancer
      - in case of early diagnosis it can be prevented
      - bodies immunity decreases
      - cancer cells increase so much that white blood cells are become less likely to be produced
      - cancerous cells could easily spread through the body
    - - coroner arteries one or more
        
        contracts
        
        hardens
        
        crammed
      - after those problems listed hearth muscle is not fed enough and become tired that causes hearth attack
    - - blood pressure in blood vessels are high
      - arteries get hardened and crammed
    - - occurs in case
        
        old age
        
        moving less
        
        standing up for long time
      - veins loose their elasticity
  - - - Blood Plasma
        
        water
        
        salts
        
        plasma proteins
        
        albumin
        
        globulin
        
        fibrinogen
        
        substances transported in blood
        
        hormones
        
        metabolic wastes
        
        nutrients
        
        respiratory gases (oxygen and carbondioxide)
      - Cellular Elements
        
        Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
        
        carry oxygen and carbondioxide
        
        their cytoplasm is filled with hemoglobin
        
        do not leave vessels
        
        after 120 day of usage destroyed in liver or spleen
        
        erythropoietin controls the production rate of RBC's if there is a drop in oxygen levels
        
        White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
        
        colorless
        
        role is to defend the body from pathogens
        
        have nucleus
        
        larger than erythrocytes
        
        leave blood vessels in case of an attack
        
        Platelets (thrombocytes)
    - - Veins
        
        transport blood towards hearth
        
        in their walls has fewer elastic
        
        low blood pressure
        
        backflow of blood in inferior parts of the body is prevented by semilunar valves
        
        except pulmonary veins they carry deoxygenated blood
        
        slow blood flow
        
        largest radius
      - Arteries
        
        high blood pressure
        
        has no semi lunar valves
        
        transport oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery
        
        their walls are thick and composed of elastic, muscular tissue
        
        fastest blood flow
        
        transport blood away from hearth
      - Capillaries
        
        slowest blood flow
        
        oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is mixed
        
        no semi lunar valves
        
        only one layered squamous endothelium present
        
        transport blood from arteries to veins by linking them together
        
        exchange of material occurs there
    - - layers
        
        Pericardium
        
        Myocardium
        
        Endocardium
      - Cardiac Cycle
        
        Diastole (relaxation)
        
        blood flow from veins to hearths' chambers
        
        Systole (contraction)
        
        blood flow from atria to ventricles
      - Excitation and control of the hearth (pacemaker)
        
        electrical signal is taken from sinoatrial node that starts atrial contraction
        
        the electrical signal spreads through the atria and make them contract
        
        the signal enters the atrioventricular node that transmit the signal to atrioventricular bundle
        
        the signal travels through the atrioventricular bundle branches to the base of the ventricles
        
        Purkinje fibers transmit the signal to ventricular cardiac muscle cells, causing contraction from the base upwards
        
        hearth beat rate
        
        affected by
        
        nervous control
        
        sympathetic nerves
        
        parasympathetic nerves (Vagus nerve)
        
        non-nervous control
        
        pH change
        
        temperature change
        
        exercising
        
        chemicals such as nicotine or caffeine
        
        mineral ions
        
        hormones
      - has 4 chambers
        
        right atrium
        
        right ventricle
        
        left atrium
        
        left ventricle
- - - - occurs when lymphatic capillaries are hardened
      - occurs when capillaries are not able to take the tissue fluid back
    - - lymph capillaries are excessively filled with parasites
      - those parasites are roundworms
      - blocked vessels cannot reuptake the extracellular fluid back to bloodstream
      - edema like accumulation occurs there
    - - cells in lymphatic system are growing enormously and fast
      - lymph nodes get bigger
      - big lymph nodes around groin and armpit are recognisable
  - - - Lymphatic Vessels
        
        Lymphatic Capillaries
        
        they branch into every part pf the body
        
        have one layered thin walls
        
        one closed end (dead-end)
        
        in their walls they have smooth muscle
        
        have one way valves
        
        Lymphatic Veins
        
        they carry lymph fluid to blood stream
      - Lymph Fluid
        
        does not have red blood cells
        
        has less blood proteins
        
        also known as white blood
        
        it has nearly the same components with tissue fluid
      - Lymphatic organs
        
        thymus
        
        adenoids
        
        spleen
        
        appendix
        
        tonsils
        
        some tissues in small intestine
        
        they are the production areas of white blood cells that has part in immune system
      - Lymphatic ducts
        
        Thoracic duct
        (left lymphatic duct)
        
        from abdomen parts pf the body and legs and from left side of head, neck and arm
        
        right lymphatic duct
        
        from right side of head and neck and arm
      - Lymphoid nodes
        
        bean shaped
        
        are all around the body
        
        important for immune system
        
        all lymph passes through a node before delivering to blood stream
        
        has chambers that produce lymphocytes and plasma cells
        
        infections can largen them
- - - - pulmonary arteries (only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood)
        
        capillaries of lungs blood gets oxygenated there
        
        pulmonary veins (only vein that carry oxygenated blood)
        
        left atrium of hearth
  - - - to Aorta
        
        to whole body
        
        blood becomes deoxygenated in the body
        
        superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
        
        deoxygenated blood comes to right atrium
  - - - lymph liquid from legs and abdomen part of the body
        
        lymphatic vessels
        
        cisterna chili
        
        thoracic duct
        
        left subclavian vein where lymph liquid is mixed with blood
        
        superior vena cava
        
        1 more item...
    - - lymph fluid from neck, arm and right side of the head
        
        right lymphatic duct
        
        right subclavian vein where blood and lymph liquid is mixed
        
        superior vena cava
        
        right atrium of the hearth