Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
ARA102 S21 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements,11-am Section, Group 3,…
ARA102 S21 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements,11-am Section, Group 3
Shi'ah
-
The first spark took place in 632 CE (Prophet's death) due to disagreements over the succession to the Prophet
Fully established following the battle of Karbala in 680, during which Al-Husayn (Ali's son) was killed
The birth of the religio-political movement is due the political disputes over leadership leading to a civil war between Ali and Mu'awiya
Dynastic and theological disputes led to a further schism within the Shia resulting in the formation of following branches between 690 and 900 CE
Zaydiyaa/Fivers : The second largest Shia group and are named after Zayd b. Ali (grandson of Al-Husayn) whom they belived as the fifth imam. They believed that Zayd was the most ualfiied heir and became the first Shia movement to achieve political independence. They are currently found in Yemen
Ismaliya/Seveners : political activist, from whom the Fatimid caliphate emerged, who were named after Ismail b.Ja'far. They believed Ismail b. Ja'far is rightful seventh heir
Imamiya/Twelvers : The largest branch of Shia Islam who recognized a total of 12 imams. The 11th imam, Al-Hasan Al-Ashari, left no heirs behind which led to the development of a hidden 12th imam, Muhammad Al-Mahdi. Muhammed will eventually appear as Al-Mahdi (savior/guided one).
Schools of Theology
During the same time as the study of Fiqh (Islamic law), study of theology (Ilm al- Kalam) was studied
-
It started in the circle of Sunni scholar,Al- Hasan Al- Basari in which a student, Wasil b. Ata introduced a controversial concept of intermediate state between a believer and disbeliever during a discussion of grave sinners
Wasil b. Ata initiated his own school which was based on rational thinking. Al-Hasan disagreed with the theory and named them Mu'tazilas (separated).
The Mu'tazilas, being the first school of theology, gained Abbasid state support and created a controversial and rigid concept of the Quran being created rather than eternal.
The Ash'ariya, being the second school of theology, was created by Abu Hasan Al Ashari. They followed a traditional view and opposed the controversial views of the Mu'tazillas. They eventually won marking the end to school of theology
Sufism
Sufism is a combination of Islamic, Spirituality, Asceticism, Mysticism. Sufism as a concept and a discipline is based on the Quran and the Sunna of the Prophet.
Appearance of early asceticism roughly from the late 7th century, The first stages of Sufism appeared in pious circles as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad period (661-750)
From asceticism to mysticism and the introduction of ‘love’. Rabi‘a first formulated the Sufi ideal of a love of God that was disinterested, without hope for paradise and without fear of hell
-
Famous Sufis
Abu Hamid Al Ghzzali, Persian Sufi, theologian and jurist
Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Sufi and philosopher, whom fused philosophy with Sufism
Jalal al-Din Rumi, known as the greatest Persian Sufi poet, who inspired the Mawlawiyya Sufi order
Wahhabism
Wahhabism is an ultra-conservative form of Islam and the official state-sponsored form of Sunni Islam in Saudi Arabia.
Wahhabism took political form when Muhammed b. Abd al- Wahhab signed a pact with Muhammad bin Saud, forming the Emirate of Diriyah, the first Saudi state.
Wahhabism was named after Muhammed b. Abd al- Wahhab who was known for opposing earlier ulama who lacked independent thinking and blind acceptance of authority in religious matters
The three famous acts of challenge conducted by Muhammed b. Abd al-Wahhab are cutting of a sacred tree, destroying the monument over Zayd b. al- Khattab's tomb for his popularity (sharia) and stoning of an adulteress for her sexual behavior without any repentance
Wahhabis rejected kinds of innovations such as celebrating Prophet's birth, vising tombs of saints, introducing a name of a "saint" into a prayer and seeking intercession from any being but Allah
Wahhabis called for strict devotion to:
1) attending public prayers
2) Tobacco smoking, shaving the beard or use of abusive language being punishable
3) Cleansing the society from any foreign practices
Muslim Brotherhood
-
Soon after its launch in Egypt, branches of the Brotherhood were set up throughout the country, each running a mosque, a school, and a sporting club.
By the late 1940s, the Brotherhood had approximately two million followers in Egypt
In 1952, colonial rule came to an end in Egypt following a military led by a group of young officers, famously known as the “Free Officers”
Brotherhood fell out with the government and the relationship between the two began to increasingly deteriorate.
After a failed attempt on the life of President Jamal Abd Al-Nasir in October 1954, the Muslim Brotherhood was banned
-
4. The Hanbali school: It is similar to the Hanafi school. It first evolved in Iraq. Because of its inflexible nature, it is now only followed in Saudi Arabia.
3. The Maliki school: It appeared in Medina and therefore it reflects the practices of Medina jurists. Today, it is mainly in North Africa.
1. The Hanafi school: This school was established in Iraq, later on, it expanded and opened up to the northern borders. Then it greatly grew in Iran and Central Asia. Today, it is well known in Egypt, the Levant, Turkey, and India.
Sunni schools are each named after the scholar who taught them. The four essential Sunni schools are the Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali rites.
2.The Shafi'i school: It was founded in Egypt. Then in the tenth century it was established in Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia. Today, it is in Egypt, India and Indonesia.
The four schools were in agreement with the Quran and Hadith being their main sources but differed in areas where the sources were silent or unclear
The four Mujtahids who established the schools are: Abu Hanifa, Muhammed Al- Shafi'i, Malik b. Anas, Ahmed b. Hanbal.
The four Mujtahids survived because of state support, students and written books
-
03/05/2021
Almoatsem El-Barag, 76761
-
-
-
04/05/2021
Almoatsem El-Barag, 76761
-
-
-
-
-