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Carbon and Water Cycles - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Climate variability, i.e. rainy seasons in tropical areas
      - Atmospheric cells leading to semi-permanent high pressure
      - Climate change, likely to increase in the future
      - Saltwater encroachment. Salt water from the sea contaminates groundwater supplies due to rising sea levels, exacerbated by coastal erosion and over-abstraction
    - - Population increase leads to rising demand
      - Growing middle classes lead to higher consumption
      - Industry consumes water and pollutes it
      - Agriculture requires water for irrigation
      - Downstream impacts of dam building
      - Deforestation reducing evapotranspiration
      - Urbanisation
      - Over-abstraction of groundwater aquifers
- - - - South-North Water Transfer Project
        
        Will transport 25bnm3 of water from the south of China to the North, where 2/3 of its farmland is. 80% of its water is in the south
        
        Provides a dry and economically important area with water
        
        Water can become an economic asset for wet areas
        
        very expensive, $80bn without maintenance
        
        Uneconomical for farmers to use the water
        
        does not directly address causes of water insecurity in North
        
        Could negatively impact the Yangzi basin
    - - Three Gorges Dam
        
        Provides HEP (largest power plant in the world), flood control, and increased water supply in central China
        
        Reservoir contributes to water transfer project. Reduces demand for groundwater
        
        1,500 villages flooded, heritage sites destroyed, 1.3m relocated
        
        Water quality is poor due to industrial pollution
        
        Surface water gets evaporated
        
        Decay of vegetation releases methane
    - - Desalination is extracting freshwater from seawater. Israel hoped to get 70% of its water supply from desalination by 2020
      - Provides a reliable water supply, 600 tonnes per hour
      - Each plant requires its own power station, very energy intensive
      - Very expensive
      - Produces lots of harmful brine
  - - - Provides crops with below optimum water so they become less sensitive to lack of water. Produces same quality crops with less water
      - Roots can be drip fed to avoid wastage
      - In Australia, it led to a 60% increase in water productivity
      - Farmers are often hesitant to use it in case it damages crops
      - Small scale
    - - Singapore receives abundant rainfall but does not have enough room for storage and has high evaporation rates
      - NEWater treats used water to make it potable. Meets 30% of the country's needs
      - Can be coupled with imported water from Malaysia, water metering, leak repairs and rainwater collection to improve water security
      - Expensive
    - - In Machakos, Kenya, water dries up over the dry season
      - Sand Dams trap water and stop it from evaporating. Residents can easily extract it
      - Cheap and easy to maintain
      - NGOs easily can teach how to do it
- - - - Kg of oil equivalent per person. Usually rises along with economic development.
      - Energy intensity: units of energy per unit of GDP. The lower the better, usually decreases with economic development
    - - Some rural areas have to go without secondary energy, especially in developing countries, due to lack of infrastructure
      - 75% of the world's energy is consumed in urban areas
      - HICs have greater energy consumption because
        
        can afford to use more energy
        
        based on more energy intensive industries
        
        more energy for transport
        
        greater domestic household consumption
        
        higher standard of living
  - - - Wind provided 25% of the UK's energy in 2020. 60% is produced in Scotland
      - 7% of the UK's energy will come from Hinkley Point C
      - Factors affecting energy security
        
        Energy surplus (Norway) or deficit (UK)
        
        Amount of energy reserves in a country
        
        Rising or falling energy consumption
        
        Diversity of the energy mix
        
        Dependence on non-renewables or renewables
        
        Diversity of energy imports
        
        Geopolitical stability
      - Factors affecting access to energy
        
        Physical availability
        
        Cost
        
        Standard of living
        
        Environmental priorities
        
        Climate
        
        Public perception
        
        Economic development
        
        Technology
- - - - Renewable
      - Reduces carbon emmissions
      - Biodegradable waste products
      - Simple technology
    - - Takes land up, especially from food production, which has led to riots in Mexico
      - Can lead to deforestation
      - Large inputs of fertilisers and water
      - Not carbon neutral
      - Unlikely to replace fossil fuels
      - Climate dependent
      - Use still in early stages
    - - Provides 1.4m jobs
      - 16% of energy supply
      - Better ethanol production means less deforestation
      - Biproduct, bagasse, also produces energy
      - Cars can have a mix of ethanol and petrol
      - Deforestation rate has doubled in Brazil 2015-2018
      - Cannot survive in Brazil without government subsidides
      - Takes land away from food production