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1894-1917. October revolution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Grigori Rasputin. Staret (holy man) from Siberia
        Siberian peasant, becomes popular with nobility
      - ALLEGEDLY Women + men flogged themselves, sometimes engaged in sexual acts (RUMORS that Yusopov - killer - was lover also)
      - Called in to save Alexi (Tsar's son). Became close to Tsarina (probably DIDN'T have sex with her or her 2 daughters as rumored)
      - Stolypin despised Rasputin. When Tsar visited front lines, Tsarina took power with Rasputin as advisor
      - Assassinated by Yusopov - allegedly given arsenic, shot in head and then dumped in ice - propoganda (probably) that he survived shots and arsenic and only died in ice
    - - Issues
        
        Many civil servants were poorly paid resulting in widespread bribery.
        
        Persuasive civil servants could easily influence Tsar Nicholas II, who was unsure of himself and indecisive.
        
        Promotion relied more on years of service rather than competence.
        
        Many bureaucrats had little understanding of the importance of industrialisation.
        
        The vast expanse of the Empire meant that taxation was difficult to organise and police.
        
        Hence, governmental income was often inadequate.
  - - - Industry
        
        Heavy industry increased massively
        
        Production of iron + steel rose increased by 50%
        
        Safety inspectors appointed for factories in 1912. Improved conditions, but still discontent with tsar (Lena gold field strikes. 100s died at hands of police)
      - Oppression
        
        Created new court to ease arrest and prosecution of political prisoners. In 6 months, passed 1042 death sentences. Stolypin's necktie
      - Land reform
        
        Mir's threatened if they refused to let people buy private land
        
        Encouraged peasants to move to Siberia
        
        Aimed to increase support for tsar from peasants
        
        Agricultural production increased by 33%, Peasant land ownership increased by 30%. Support for tsar increased massively
- - - - 1858-59. Alexander (previous tsar) toured country. Pro Emancipation
      - 1861 Law regarding emancipation only applied to private land. Peasants had to pay govt for 49 years to leave public land. Had to remain in mir (peasant commune)
    - - 1% population. Owned 25% land
      - Sold land to pay of debts. Abandoned farming
      - 1/7 university professors nobles by 1880. Others heads of major businesses, joined Prov gov after abdication. Retained power
    - - Bankers, teachers, doctors, admin staff in great demand., Less then 500,000 of them
      - Old vs New money. Many probably richer then nobles, but had no titles
    - - Dawn of 20th century, 80% of pop peasants. Not enough land to go around. Loans for land impossible to pay off
      - Relied on harvests. Minimal food, high levels of illness (STDs, Typhoid etc). No animals for farming assistance eg horses
      - Kulaks profited off peasants harvests, by storing grain for them (they had no space) then selling back at inflated prices
    - - Minimal wage, poor standard of living, 1880's-90's had reform in labour laws - didn't particularly do anything in practice
      - Peasants rapidly moving into cities
- - - - National Hope (27 apr-21 july)
        
        Very critical of tsar and ministers
        
        Brought about Witte'sand Goremykins resignations (PM's of Russia)
        
        Boycotted by the Bolsheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, Extreme right
        
        Vote of no confidence against Goremykin. Dissolved 21 July
      - Lords and Lackeys
        
        2200 of 2500 bills passed by them. Not particularly oppositional.
        
        Proved tsar to be very unpopular
        
        1911 suspended 2 times for emergency legislation
        
        ran course in 1912 (5 year term)
        
        Heavily made of businessmen, middle class
      - National Anger
        
        Stolypin (PM) tried to influence elections
        
        Bolsheviks, SR's and Mensheviks participated.
        
        More oppositional than 1st duma
        
        Refused to ratify Tsar's emergency powers
        
        Stolypin accused them of attempting to assassinate Tsar. Dissolved
        
        After dissolution, emergency law limited Left wing and increased gentry
      - 4th Duma
        
        Particularly docile
        
        Count Vladimir Nikolaevich Kokovstov replaced Stolypin after assassination
- - - - Tsar's rule. People lost faith with his leadership, both political and military.
      - WW1 losses
      - Poor working conditions
      - Famine (particularly bad in 1916-17 winter)and lack of wages
      - Arguments between Tsar and Duma (Tsar refused to take their advice). No support for Tsar from aristocracy, military or people
      - Rasputin
    - - 9 Jan 1917. PM Trepov dismissed by Tsar, replaced by unexperienced Golitsyn. Calls for removal of tsarina's political power by foreign powers, as well as members of aristocracy and Duma
      - 14 Feb. Reports that army officers were among anti war protests
      - 18 Feb. Putilov factory strike in Petrograd. Strikes continued, and freight trains with food stuck in snow. Tsar left for front 22 Feb
      - 23 Feb. International womens day protestors joined protests, campaigned against rationing.
      - 24 Feb. 200000 protestors called for sacking of Tsar. All industry shut down following day. Gatherings forbidden, but 250000 still on strike. Tsar asked General Khabalov (inexperienced) to disperse crowds with rifle fire.
      - 26 Feb. City centre cordoned off. Mutiny of Pavlovsky Reserve Regiment 4 Coy marked first in revolution.
      - 27 Feb. Duma remained obedient to Tsar, Petrograd Soviet, Prov Committee of State Duma formed. Council of Ministers submitted resignation to Tsar. Revolutionaries sacked district court, HQ of Okhrana, released prisoners into city and captured an arsenal
      - 27 Feb. Tsar returned and told city in complete anarchy. Cossacks loyal to people, attempts made to get Tsar to turn power over to Duma. Tsar abdicated throne, tried to nominate brother, who refused. END OF ROMANOV DYNASTY.
    - - 3 March Prov Gov announced, joint power between Prov Gov and Petrograd Soviet (Prov gov has legitimacy but no power, Soviet has power but no legitimacy.) Manifesto published by Prov, didnt address ending of war, Soviet Order No 1: Complete control of military, allowed dual power as long as elections would be held in future
      - Kerensky was one of original soviet chairmen, Liberal aristocrat Prince Lyov initially chaired Prov Gov. Lenin arrived in Petrograd on 16 April, began attempt to undermine Prov gov,
      - Lenin had little initial support, even amongst Bolsheviks. July Days, 500,000 soldiers and sailor protested in streets of Petrograd. Petrograd soviet and Prov gov blamed Bolsheviks for unrest, issued arrest warrants. Lenin fled. Lyov replaced by Kerensky as head of Prov gov. Kerensky established free speech, ended capital punishment, but desertion and famine still commonplace.
  - - - Constituted workers strikes, peasant unrest and mutinies in the military
      - JAN 22. Bloody Sunday march. Father Georgy Gapon led 200000 people to Nicholas' palace to present petition for workers rights. Met outside by Cossacks, who fired upon them and charged. Hundreds of dead.
        
        News of events quickly spread, and mass riots, looting, strikes took place. Arms stores were raided by rioters.
      - Revolt spread to reaches of Russian empire, including Finland, Poland and the Baltic states.
      - Crew of battleship Potemkin mutinied in Odessa in June. Other military units joined in on the revolts.
    - - Spurred by defeat in Russo-Japanese war
      - Limited wages for newly emancipated peasants, life still limited. Searched for work, some riots and uprisings.
      - Lack of political representation
      - Cultural problems - hierarchy of races and religion.
      - Labour problems. Dissatisfaction with tsarist government, despite labour laws. Social tensions exacerbated by Witte's highly successful industrial policies.
      - Wish for Tsar Nicholas II to transform Russia into a constitutional monarchy
    - - October 1905. October Manifesto. Promised civil liberties (freedom of speech) and an elected parliament (duma). Restrictions on power of Russian monarchy are placed in, and de-facto constitution (the Fundamental Laws) established
  - - - Weakness of Prov gov.
      - WW1 still going on
      - Foreign debt massive, cost of living rising.
      - Unhappy workers attacked managers due to failings of Prov gov
      - Strikes by industrial workers, miners in Donbas, Peasant uprisings common. Pogroms lead by widows of soldiers
      - July Days
      - Kornilov affair. Feeling betrayed by Prov Gov after being sent away by Kerensky, Kornilov pushed to Petrograd. Confronted by Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and SR's.
    - - 10 Oct. Bolshevik Central committee voted 10:2 for armed uprising. Trotsky elected president of military committee. Kamenev and Zinoviev leaked details to newspapers
      - 24 Oct. Soldiers loyal to Kerensky marched on Bolshevik Printing house. Govt announced closure of extremist newspapers. Bolshevik military committee (MRC) retook printing house. Kerensky ordered all but 1 bridge into Petrograd to be raised. Clashes across city occurred. MRC took control of citywide communications
      - 25 Oct. Kronstadt mutiny - sailors announced allegiance to Bolsheviks. Most military units joined insurrection against Prov Gov. Lenin announced that MRC seized city from Prov Gov
      - Assault on Winter Palace. 3000 Cadets, officers, cossacks and female soldiers did not heavily resist MRC. Soldiers gradualy retreated/defected. Bolsheviks issued surrender ultimatum to prov gov inside palace. Cruiser Aurora fired blank shot, some revolutionaries entered palace at 10:25 PM. Mass entry 3 hours later
      - 26 Oct. Bolshevik control over Winter palace. Sporadic gunfire throughout palace. Prov Gov surrendered (Kerensky did not as he had already left). Seized palace with minimal resistance.
      - 7 Oct. Lenin returns to Petrograd
    - - New govt established. 2nd Congress of Soviets. 670 elected delegates. 300 Bolshevik, 100 Left SR's. Power transferred during seizing of Winter Palace. Centrist and Right Wing parties, as well as Mensheviks, believed seizure of power illegal. Walked out before resolution passed. Basically gave complete control to Bolsheviks
      - 26 Oct. Congress elected cabinet of Bolsheviks. Known as Council of People's Commissars. Lenin was leader.
      - Anti Bolshevik sentiment. Mensheviks seized power of Georgia, declared it free republic. Bolshevik strongholds in cities. Skirmishes between troops loyal to Prov Gov (Or just anti bolsheviks)
      - Government reforms. Citizens of Russian Republic applied to all people - in aim of spreading equality. Constituent assembly elections, Bolsheviks won only 175 seats, SR's won 370 (though not a full party any more - Left SR's in coalition with Bolsheviks). Came into conflict with Soviets on first day, so instantly dissolved.