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Panama in the 20th Century - Coggle Diagram
Panama in the 20th Century
The Republican Initiation 1904-1912
Unlike other nations that emerged to independent life with increased war debts, on the contrary Panama was born with a surplus: ten million dollars that the United States granted as compensation.
Porras and the Modernization of the Republic 1912-1924
The new president had to turn to William Nelson Cromwell to lend Panama $ 150,000 to start the bureaucratic machinery.
The modernization plan contemplated aspects such as: construction of communication routes, means of transport, population increase, education, health, organization of new institutions typical of a modern State, drafting of National Codes and promotion of agriculture, among others.
Chiarismo and its Consequences 1924-1932
Chiari inherited a highly indebted nation as a result of the prevailing conditions in the country, such as the completion of the Canal works and the cost of modernization, for which it was necessary to contract loans in the United States.
In April 1926, a Commission was appointed to prepare a tenant bill, but the problem was not solved and it resurfaced strongly in 1932 in the heat of the depression of the 1930s.
The Return to the Traditional Model 1932-1936
When Harmodio Arias assumed the presidency of the Republic in October 1932, the country was experiencing one of the worst economic crises in its history, as a result of the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange in 1929 and the subsequent world depression.
Arias also had to deal with the tenant problem. For this, the Tenancy Board was formed, made up of representatives of the landlords, tenants and the government, which had to solve the problem of those most in need. Finally, a solution was reached when the first tenancy law was voted.
Panama on the Eve, During and After World War II 1936-1948
• Panama becomes independent from Colombia.
• On the eve of the Second World War.
• Politics of the “Big Steek”.
• Bankruptcy of the Panama Canal company
• Panama during the Second World War (1941-1945).
• It is difficult to return to constitutional order (1945-1948).
• Emergence of anarchy and police power (1948-1952).
• Such as: Militarism, oligarchy and national shame (1952-1956).
• Rugged years and student effervescence (1956-1960).
The Enthronement of Police Power 1948-1956
The government cut state wages and public works were paralyzed, which also created social unrest. For the consolidation of the foreign debt, the Manero Plan was applied, which consisted of the issuance of bonds guaranteed with the payment of the Canal annuity and based on the release of the Constitutional Fund or Millions of Posterity.
In July 1949, amid persistent rumors of a coup, the President requested sick leave and retired from office. On August 23 he passed away. The Presidency was occupied by the first Vice President Daniel Chanis.
Nationalism and Radicalism 1956-1968
The death of Remón disrupted the political landscape of Panama. For more than a decade, Remón had installed and removed Presidents, had subjugated the Powers of the State, censored the press, and exercised absolute power over the entire country.
Torrijismo and Militarism 1968-1981
On October 11, the officers of the National Guard carried out the first military coup against a civilian government in all of our republican history.
Narco-dictatorship and Structural Crisis 1981-1989
Upon Torrijos' death in July 1981, Colonel Florencio Flores succeeded him at the head of the National Guard, who showed no greater interest in directing the armed corps.
On July 31, 1982, De la Espriella, a technocrat graduated from the United States, assumed the presidency of Panama, while Jorge Illueca was in charge of the vice-presidency.
The 1980s were characterized by economic imbalance and slowdown. After the waste of the previous decade, Panama was doubly affected by the oil crisis, as the country was heavily in debt.
The United States invades Panama
Shortly after midnight on December 20, 1989, a bloody invasion of Panama began, which was called “Operation Just Cause,” in which 26,000 soldiers ended up participating, using highly sophisticated weapons, techniques, and war equipment.
The Challenges of the Democratic Stage
President Guillermo Endara inherited a country in ruins, internationally isolated, with an extraordinary foreign debt, a very high unemployment rate, massive poverty, concentration of income in a few hands and occupied by the United States Army.
Although the delivery of the Canal to Panama by the United States was agreed, according to the Torrijos-Carter Treaties for December 31, 1999 at noon, the protocol acts were held on December 14.
In this way, the Republic of Panama put an end to 96 years of North American presence in its territory, came into possession of its most precious economic asset, managed to unite "The Divided Land" under a single flag and exercise real and full sovereignty over the entire territory. national.
The challenges of the democratic stage
President Guillermo Endara inherited a country in ruins, internationally isolated, with an extraordinary foreign debt, a very high unemployment rate, massive poverty, concentration of income in a few hands and occupied by the United States Army.
**Towards the end of the Endara mandate, the people were eager for change and demanded an energetic government that would provide solutions.