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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Humans have 1-2 liters of lymph fluid
      - lacks RBC
      - has less blood proteins
    - - occur in the tissues of almost all organs
      - “dead-end” in the extracellular fluid surrounding body cells
      - branch extensively
      - have smooth muscle in their walls and one-way valves that prevent backflow
      - 2-ducts that drain lymph from 2-different regions of the body
        
        Thoracic duct (or Left lymphatic duct)
        
        Right Lymphatic duct
      - Elephantiasis
        
        caused by
        
        parasitic roundworm that infects
        
        blocks lymphatic vessels
    - - include
        
        adenoids
        
        patches of tissue in the small intestine
        
        tonsils
        
        thymus
        
        spleen
        
        lymph nodes
        
        appendix.
        
        production centers for infection-fighting cells, including lymphocytes
        
        sites for some defense responses
      - lymph nodes
        
        bean-shaped organ
        
        distributed widely throughout the body
        
        All lymph passes through at least one node
        
        important for
        
        the proper functioning of the immune system
        
        acting as filters for
        
        foreign particles and cancer cells
- - - - Innate (nonspecific) Immunity
        
        effective from the time of birth
        
        First-line Defenses (Anatomic barriers)
        
        physical and chemical barriers
        
        skin, sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, stomach acid and urine
        
        sweat, tears and saliva-contain chemicals that kill some bacteria
        
        the low pH of skin and the stomach acid destroy pathogens
        
        Second-line Defences (Inflammatory Response Defense)
        
        Phagocytes
        
        white blood cells
        
        macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
        
        travel within the bloodstream
        
        Natural killer cells
        
        attack cells that cancerous or have been invaded by viruses
        
        Interferons
        
        when the pathogen is a virus
        
        the infected cells produce a protein
        
        interferon
        
        Inflammatory response
        
        a reaction of the body that causes swelling, redness, warmth, and pain in the area of an infection
        
        triggers the inflammatory response, which can disinfect and clean infected tissues and limit the spread of infection to surrounding tissues
        
        Fever
        
        a systemic inflammatory response
        
        triggered by
        
        pyrogens released by macrophages, and toxins from pathogens
      - Acquired or Adaptive (specific) Immunity
        
        last-line of defense-the immune system
        
        recognizes, attacks, destroys and "remembers" each kind of pathogen that enters body
        
        by producing antibodies & specific cells that bind and inactivate pathogens
        
        when the body recognizes foreign cells or molecules, it produces antibodies or cells which can bind them and inactivate
        
        immune response
        
        antigen
        
        can cause an immune response by lymphocytes
        
        lymphocytes
        
        white blood cells
        
        responsible for
        
        adaptive immunity, and originate from stem cells in the bone marrow
        
        B lymphocytes
        
        continue developing in bone marrow
        
        T lymphocytes
        
        develop further in the thymus
        
        Humoral (antibody-mediated ) immunity
        
        provided by B cells
        
        some activated B-cells remain as memory cells
        
        antibodies that they secrete into the blood that attack pathogens outside the body’s cells
        
        antibody is a protein produced by B cells
        
        B cells produce specific antibodies to destroy pathogens
        
        any substance that causes body to produce antibody
        
        antigen
        
        Cell-mediated immunity
        
        produced by
        
        cytotoxic T cell
        
        attacks infected body cells
        
        Phases of Adaptive Immunity
        
        The primary immune response
        
        occurs upon first exposure to an antigen and
        
        slower than the secondary immune response
        
        The secondary immune response
        
        faster and stronger than the primary immune response
        
        occurs upon second exposure to an antigen
      - Innate Immunity
        
        some diseases is present at birth
      - Acquired immunity
        
        develops during an individual's life time
        
        Active immunity
        
        develops naturally in response to an infection
        
        develop following immunization
        
        vaccination
        
        Protection
        
        Long term immunity
        
        Applied to healthy person
        
        Active immunity
        
        Passive immunity
        
        provides immediate, short-term protection
        
        can be conferred artificially by injecting antibodies
        
        serum
        
        Passive immunity
        
        Applied to sick person
        
        Treatment
        
        Short term immunity
- - - - veins
        
        carry blood towards the heart
        
        the walls
        
        fewer elastic
        
        thickness increases
        
        as they approach the heart
        
        low pressure of blood
        
        backflow of the blood is prevented by
        
        the semi-lunar valves
        
        one-way valves
        
        blood flow is slow
        
        transports
        
        deoxygenated blood
        
        except in pulmonary vein
      - capillaries
        
        The walls
        
        consists of
        
        a single layer of endothelium
        
        allow
        
        the exchange of
        
        dissolved nutrients, wastes, oxygen and other substances
        
        between
        
        1 more item...
        
        no elastic fibers
        
        link arteries to veins
        
        blood flow is the slowest
        
        transports
        
        mixed oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
      - arteries
        
        the walls
        
        consist of three layers
        
        an innermost layer of squamous endothelium
        
        and outer layer of fibrous connective tissue
        
        a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
        
        carry blood away from the heart
        
        the walls
        
        thick
        
        composed of elastic
        
        high pressure of blood
        
        caused by
        
        ventricular contractions
        
        blood flow is rapid
        
        transports
        
        oxygenated blood
        
        except pulmonary artery
    - - capillaries<veins<arteries
    - - veins<capillaries<arteries
      - Starling Hypothesis
        
        the passive diffusion of substances out of the blood, fluid is pushed through the endothelium by blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure) within the capillary.
        
        the difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure drives fluids out of capillaries at the arteriole end and into capillaries at the venule end
    - - the fluid builds up in surrounding tissues, leading to swelling
      - causes
        
        Sitting or staying in one position for too long
        
        Eating too much salty food
        
        Premenstrual signs and symptoms
        
        Pregnancy
  - - - Regulation
      - Protection
      - Transport
      - Defence
    - - plasma (liquid)
        
        comprises about 55% of total blood volume
      - cell-based portion
        
        about 40–45% of total blood volume
        
        consists of
        
        White blood cells (leukocytes)
        
        defenders of the body
        
        colorless cells
        
        produce by
        
        bone marrow and lympathic tissue
        
        function inside and outside
        
        arise in bone marrow from stem cells
        
        five major types of WBCs
        
        Neutrophils (60-70 %)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Basophils
        
        1 more item...
        
        Eosinophil
        
        1 more item...
        
        Monocytes (5-6%)
        
        2 more items...
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        2 more items...
        
        Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
        
        flattened discs
        
        have organelles
        
        mature cells lose
        
        generate their ATP
        
        by anaerobic metabolism
        
        cytoplasm is filled with
        
        an iron-containing protein (hemoglobin)
        
        2 more items...
        
        do not leave blood vessels
        
        destroyed in the liver or spleen
        
        produced by
        
        stem cells in the red bone marrow
        
        controlled by
        
        1 more item...
        
        at high altitudes
        
        RBC production increase
        
        Platelets (thrombocytes)
        
        fragments of cells
        
        have no nuclei
        
        function in the clotting of blood
        
        Blood Clotting
    - - four principal types
        
        B
        
        AB
        
        A
        
        O
        
        may or may not have Rh factor
        
        "positive" (meaning it has Rh factor)
        
        "negative" (without Rh factor)
      - two antigens and two antibodies
      - Determining Blood Groups
  - - - the thoracic cavity between the lungs
    - - the sternum
    - - cardiac muscle
    - - four chambers
        
        the two lower, thick-walled chambers
        
        ventricles
        
        the two upper thin walled chambers
        
        atria
    - - the septum
    - - three layers
        
        Myocardium
        
        middle layer
        
        made up of
        
        cardiac muscle
        
        thicker than other layers.
        
        Endocardium
        
        innermost layer
        
        smooth and single layer
        
        does not have blood vessels
        
        the part that contacts with blood
        
        Pericardium
        
        outermost layer
        
        made up of
        
        epicardium (innermost membrane)
        
        secreted by
        
        the pericardium reduces friction between the beating heart and the surrounding tissues
        
        attached to
        
        the diaphragm
        
        two layer
    - - allow blood to flow from atria into ventricles
      - right side of the heart
        
        tricuspid valve
        
        has 3-flaps
      - left side of the heart
        
        bicuspid (mitral valve)
    - - allow blood to move from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and the aorta
      - prevent backflow
    - - defect in one or more heart valves that permits a backflow of blood and reduces the cardiac output
    - - consists of
        
        systole (contraction phase)
        
        blood flows
        
        from atria into ventricles
        
        diastole (relaxation phase)
        
        blood flows
        
        from veins into heart chambers
      - The heart beats in a coordinated fashion
        
        both ventricles contract and pump blood into the arteries that exit the heart
        
        both atria contract and pump blood into the ventricles
        
        all chambers relax briefly before the cycle repeats
      - 0.40 seconds
        
        diastole, the heart relaxes and blood flows into the atria and ventricles
      - 0.30 second
        
        ventricles contract and push the blood out of the heart, completing systole
      - first 0.15 second
        
        the atria contract and force blood into the ventricles
      - Excitation and Control of the Heart
        
        some cardiac muscle cells are self-excitable
        
        the contraction of the heart is initiated and coordinated by
        
        a pacemaker (produce spontaneous electrical signals (action potentials) at a regular rate)
        
        the heart’s pacemaker is the sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the upper wall of the right atrium.
        
        the electrical signal then passes from the right atrium to a specialized group of muscle cells between the right atrium and right ventricle called the atrioventricular (AV) node.
        
        the bundle branches into right and left halves that travel to the pointed apex of the heart, where they branch into Purkinje fibers that transmit the electrical signal throughout the ventricle.
        
        impulses from the AV node pass through a strand of specialized muscle in the interventricular septum known as the Bundle of His.
      - impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle can be recorded as an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
      - Regulation of Heartbeat Rate
        
        Nervous Control of Heart Rate
        
        send messages to cardio-vascular centers in the medulla oblongata of the brain
        
        Sympathetic nerves (accelerator nerve)
        
        release adrenaline (epinephrine)
        
        speeds the heart rate
        
        increases the strength of contraction
        
        Parasympathetic nerves (Vagus nerves)
        
        release acetylcholine
        
        slows the heart
        
        decreases the force of contraction
        
        Non-nervous Control of Heart Beating Rate
        
        Low pH (high CO2 levels)
        
        Increases
        
        Low temperature
        
        Decreases
        
        High temperature (due to exercises or illnesses)
        
        Increases
        
        Stimulants like caffeine or nicotine
        
        Increases
        
        High pH
        
        Decreases
    - - the role of the circulatory system
        
        transport blood to all parts of the body
      - Systemic Circulation
        
        The Renal Circulation
        
        renal arteries and veins bring blood to and from the kidneys where wastes, excess water, and other substances are removed from the blood.
        
        The Hepatic Portal Circulation
        
        it transports blood from the digestive tract to the liver.
        
        The Coronary (Cardiac) Circulation
        
        it supplies blood to the heart muscle, and includes the coronary arteries and veins.
      - Pulmonary Circulation
      - the pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood
      - the pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood