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How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement on past…
How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement on past knowledge?
"How can we know"
Different ways of knowing, or different confirming methods
Explores the history and how to confirm that our understanding is built on previous understanding
It is NOT whether current knowledge is an improvement on past knowledge
Do NOT try to explain relationship between current and past knowledge
Counter could be there is no real way of knowing current knowledge is an improvement
Objects
Photon Duality
Calculator or iPhone
Stainless steel or alloys
Anti-rust, resistant to corrosion
High strength
Higher melting and boiling point
Easily cleaned, able to be used as food containment
Does not release toxic substance, relatively stable
Textbooks
Counter argument
Cell Theory
Information being an improvement vs expand knowledge
Expand knowledge (wider range) vs More in-depth knowledge
Improvement in knowledge is overtime more research and discoveries are made to improve current knowledge
Expand in knowledge is over time we understand more about a certain aspect without improving it
Utility, acts as a facility
Calculator makes knowledge more accessible
The improvement in calculator technology does not show that current knowledge is an improvement on past knowledge
However, better calculator facilities improvement in knowledge as it is easier and more accessible to gain knowledge with better calculations
Functionality
Making iron
Pure iron with better knowledge results in better improvement
Improvement in stainless steel isotopes
Production of materials that are physically stronger is a result of improvement in technology and knowledge of material science
Different types of knowing
More accurate
Higher quantity
Object resembles the method or the information has grown
Sometimes we just don't know
Quantum tunneling
Energy is borrowed to go through a potential barrier
Energy has to be returned after it goes through the barrier
All particles can go through barriers
Cell Theory
every living thing is made of cells
every cell comes from preexisting cells
Cells are the basic structure of all living things
Cannot be improved or developed since it is self-completed