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REVIEW WEEK 12, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
REVIEW WEEK 12
Krashen’s Five Proposals on Language Learning
Learning/Acquisition Distinction Hypothesis
There two ways to develop skills in a second language
Learning
is a process that draws students' attention to language.
The acquisition
is the naturalistic or unlearned way. It is a process similar to the one we acquire our mother tongue.
Language teaching
Use pseudo-communicative materials-texts that teach the functions of language through the use of audio-linguistic techniques.
The Natural Order Hypothesis
Accounts for students’ mistakes and errors.
Mistakes will always be present during the acquisition process.
The best way to correct student errors is to provide more information that contains the structure in question.
Krashen
Recommends a syllabus based on topics, functions, and situations.
The Monitor Hypothesis
Three kinds of monitor users
Over-monitor users
Students who seldom trust their acquired competence.
Under-monitor users
Speakers who do not really care about correctness, only meaning.
Optimal monitor users
Using when it is appropriate.
The Input Hypothesis
Krashen affirm that people acquire languages by understanding messages (comprehensible input).
Krashen believes the productive skills (speaking, writing) evolve from the receptive skills (listening, reading).
The Affective Filter Hypothesis
The affective filter "opens" or "closes" according to our mood.
Motivation is the best way to open the filter.
It's important to provide an appropriate acquisition environment in the classroom, eliminating anxiety and encouraging students.
STERN'S THEORY:
Social context:
Refers to sociolinguistic variables.
Characteristics of the apprentice:
Refers to cognitive and affective variables.
Learning conditions:
It refers to variables related to the educational system and / or exposure to the Second Language.
Learning processes:
Includes the different metal operations and strategies.
Learning outcome:
It refers to the competence achieved.
Second Language Acquisition
The natural order hypothesis
Is the idea that children learning their first language acquire grammatical structures in a pre-determined, 'natural' order, and that some are acquired earlier than others.
The monitor hypothesis
Describes a way to communicate with a monitor which correct the form we apply the knowledge of a new language.
It helps us to produce speeches as if we could use note mother tongue and second language almost at the same level, this monitor works shearching for errors.
The Comprehension hypothesis
Affirm that we acquire language and develop literacy when we understand messages, that is, when we understand what we hear and what we read, when we receive comprehensible input.
The affective filter hypothesis
Is that describes a learner's attitudes that affect the relative success of second language acquisition.
Negative feelings such as lack of motivation and lack of self-confidence hinder and obstruct language learning.
The intermediate level: Sheltered Subject Matter Teaching
Many second language students need more:
They need advanced language skills, or academics, the language of business, science, and politics.
It is also the language of classical literature, that is one way to develop academic language is through the teaching of fragmented topics.
In sheltered classes
Students and teachers focus on the subject, not the language.
The protected subject classes are math and history.
This emphasis on meaning, rather than form, results in a more affordable input and therefore greater language acquisition.
Self-selected Reading: The Bridge to Academic Language
Research has shown that reading for pleasure is the main source of excellent reading and writing skills.
It is also the main source of vocabulary knowledge and the ability to use and understand complex grammar rules.
Research on Reacreational Reading
Multivariate studies
It is a positive relationship between the amount of free reading done and various aspects of second and foreign language proficiency.
Practical cases
The case stories provide a compelling verification of the power of reading.
Free reading at school
Students can read whatever they want to read there is little accountability in the form of book or grade reports.
Narrow reading
Is a subset of Extensive Reading and applies to reading in a single genre a topic, or an author's work.
Correa Yeny. Review of Topics of week 12
