retelling: One of the best devices for developing both comprehension and awareness of text structure. It develops language, memory and language skills. Good for average and struggling readers.

Developmental reading: a way to improve students' reading/text comprehension based on their developmental level. For instance, students begin with pretelling, then advance to guided retelling, and finally written retelling.

Pretelling: students practice with explaining the steps of making something or how to play a game. This helps students be able to think backwards, reconstruct the steps, and think forwards by explaining the steps.

Reenactments: students act out a scene or story. Helps to build understanding and comprehension of text.

Writing stories: students study structure and develop ideas of how they may compose their own stories.

Comprehension of narratives: assess students’ comprehension of narrative schema by asking them to retell a story or to create a story based on a picture book.